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Rise of Hitler
I.
The Weimar Republic was overwhelmed by instability early on.
a. There were assassinations & coups on the left and right.
b. Cabinet Changes: There were 9 between 1919-1923
c. French and Belgium pressure on Germany: claiming they failed to make the reparations
payments called for at Versailles.
d. Versailles: treaty that Germany was forced to sign after WWI
i. 2 Effects of Versailles treaty: 1) reparations
2) lost land
II.
Adolph Hitler and the emergences of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party: AKA the
Nazi party
a. One of many small extremist political groups that arose in post – WWI Germany
b. Hitler’s emergence: attraction of the party
i. An Austrian by birth, Hitler served in the German army. He was in Munich when the
war ended.
ii. Political Career: he began his career as a speaker
c. Nazi net of influence: speeches appealed to the people
i. Hitler denounced the treaty of Versailles
ii. Antisemetic program: Citizenship should be limited to those of German blood.
d. Nazi’s attract National Attention
i. Beer Hall Rebellion: Conspired to seize power/ Hitler was sent to prison as a result
III.
Hitler’s Ascension
a. Nazi party began to do better in each election
b. Reichstag building caught fire: foundation of the 3rd Reich
i. Hitler blamed banned the Communist party.
c. Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor in March 1933
i. Enabling Act: time of emergency, this gave Hitler full powers
IV.
Hitler became president & Chancellor
a. President Hindenburg: died on Aug. 2, 1934
b. The offices were consolidated, Hitler assumed both roles
c. Fuhrer: He took the title of leader (of the Nazi party and of Germany)
The War Begins
I.
June 14, 1940: German troops occupy Paris
a. Hitler Crushes Europe:
b. Maginot Line:
II.
III.
i. Germany attacked from above, and then from behind.
ii. In about 1 month France surrendered
c. Battle of Britain
i. Britain had highly dedicated pilots.
ii. The Blitz:
Americans Respond
a. Interventionalism:
b. Isolationism:
c. Selective Service:
i. More than 1 million men were to serve for 1 year but only in the Western
hemisphere.
ii. Groundwork for a U.S. military capable of fighting a global war.
c. Lend-Lease:
i. Conflict between Germany and America became heated.
d. Atlantic Charter:
i. Resolved to create an international organization to protect the securities of
all countries.
ii. This was the founding of the UN:
Japanese Threat Increases
a. Alliance: Japan made an alliance with Germany and Italy
i. Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis:
b. U.S. Responds:
c. Yamamoto’s Plan:
Mobilizing the Home Front
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Building National Morale & 4 Freedoms:
1. Freedom ____________________________________
2. Freedom ____________________________________
3. Freedom ____________________________________
4. Freedom ____________________________________
b. Office of Civilian Defense (OCD):
i. Helped by growing their own vegetables. “Victory gardens” produced 40%
of all vegetables grown during the war.
ii. Helped by collecting materials (ex. Newspaper, rubber, aluminum)
Manufacturing War Machines
i. War Production Board (WPB):
ii. WPB convinced factories to convert from civilian to military production.
iii. Industrial production doubled
Wartime Economy
a. Gross national product (GNP):
i. GNP increased from 90.5 billion in 1939 to 211.9 billion in 1945
ii. Inflation:
b. Cutting Waste: American people now dealt with war needs.
c. Rationing:
d. Paying for a costly war:
i. Bonds:
ii. Bonds helped to sell the war to the American public and reduced inflation.
Wartime Labor
a. Labor Unions:
b. New Workers (1940-1935):
i. Even though women were in the work force, Men got better positions and
were paid more money
ii. Women felt that war time opportunities were only temporary.
Japanese Internment Camps
I.
February 19, 1942: F.D.R. signed Executive order 9066.
a. Purpose:
b. Internment Camps:
c. Locations:
II.
III.
Where were the camps established?
a. Pearl Harbor:
Camps Conditions
a. Conditions were overcrowded and poor
b. Food:
c. Nisei:
d. Homes:
IV. Legal Challenges to Internment
a. Hirabayashi vs United States:
b. Koremats vs United States:
V.
Closure of the Camps
a. In 1944, 2 years after the signing of Executive order 9066, it was rescinded.
b. Last Camp:
VI. Government Apologies and Reparations
a. Nisei:
b. 1968:
c. 1988:
VII. Who else was in the camps?
a. Though Japanese-Americans comprised the majority, thousands of Americans of
German, Italian, and other European decent were in the camps.
b. These people were classified as “enemy aliens”
c. Government Apology: As of 2004 the government has not made a formal
apology to those affected.
The United States at War
I.
II.
III.
IV.
December 7, 1941:
a. Boost in the number of troops for several reasons:
i. Patriotism
ii. Anger towards the axis
iii. Desire for adventure
iv. Joblessness
Minorities in Uniform:
The European Front
a. The Soviet Union had signed a non-aggression pact with Germany in 1939.
i. Pact Broken:
ii. Battle of Stalingrad:
b. Allied Offensives
i. 1942:
ii. General Erwin Rommel:
iii. Invasion:
c. September 1943:
d. D-Day:
i. Largely successful due to the help of American industry
e. U.S. feared triple peril:
i. Sonar technology:
ii. Battle of the Bulge:
f. The Holocaust 1945:
i. The Final Solution:
ii. About 6 million Jewish men, women and children were massacred. This
was about 2/3 of the total European Jewish population
iii. About 6 million Slavs, Gypsies, Communists, homosexuals, and other
civilians were also murdered.
g. Victory in Europe:
i. Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945:
ii. Hitler committed suicide on April 30th
iii. May 7th Germany surrendered unconditionally
The Pacific Front
a. Island hopping:
b. Guadalcanal:
c. The Atomic Bomb
i. 1st one codename “Little Boy”:
ii. 2nd atomic bomb:
iii. August 14, 1945 Japan surrendered & WWII was over