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History 377 “Natives and Navigators:” The Pacific in the Age of Encounter In the fifteenth century, Europeans began to enter the Pacific region. What they “discovered” were curiosities so far outside their accepted parameters of natural and human social systems that the European intellectual world was shaken to its foundations. For their part, the peoples of the Pacific struggled not only to understand these bizarre interlopers, but to survive the onslaught of cultural disruption, disease and violence that accompanied their arrival. How to interpret this “encounter” is an important debate in contemporary scholarship, a debate that has reinforced the importance of combining formerly discrete disciplines such as history, archaeology and anthropology. In the end, what is at stake is our ability to grasp the diversity of human intellectual and social variety and explain encounters between peoples and cultures with very different notions of the basic realities of human existence. Methodology: The first weeks of class will be devoted to reading articles organized around two basic areas: The world and history of the Polynesians and the theoretical arguments among western scholars about how to interpret that world. We will then read selections from the journals of European voyagers and analyze them as evidence of the problems and progress of Europeans in understanding Polynesia. Our primary focus will be on the early voyages of the Dolphin and the Endeavour. Primary sources for understanding Tahiti can be found at: http://southseas.nla.gov.au/index_voyaging.html We will be using the South Seas Voyaging Accounts site for much of the discussion in the class. Another site that will be part of our reading is Te Rangi Hiroa’s An Introduction to Polynesian Anthropology at: http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/teiBucIntr.html The collection of materials at Tide Pools: NZETC digitized texts at http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-corpus-pacific.html includes Te Rangi Hiroa’s material, but also numerous other articles and entries that can be used to support your research. Assignments: As we read and discuss these articles, students are expected to begin to develop their own projects. These should be substantial enough to result in a 12-15-page research paper (typed, double-spaced, one-inch margins, numbered pages) footnoted in Chicago style or Turabian style. The paper must concern the Pacific in the period (1500-1850) covered. If, in considering a topic, you cannot find multiple sources to support your essay, abandon the topic and choose another! Papers based substantially on a single source will be treated as book reports and graded accordingly. In order to gauge progress, students will turn in a proposed topic and later a bibliography of consulted articles and books. In addition to the final paper, each student will write a 4-page book review of one of the books listed below or another approved choice. There will be two oral presentations. One will be on the book you have chosen to review. A second report will be on your completed research. Use of maps, visual aids, power-point presentations and the like are encouraged as a way of helping your fellow students grasp your topic. Guidelines for both of these assignments will be discussed in class. Office hours: My office is Stevenson 2066, phone 664-2462. Office hours are Monday, 12:00-1:00, Tuesday, 1:00-2:00 and Thursday 12:00-1:00 by appointment. I can be reached by e-mail at [email protected] Syllabus Week of: 1/31. Introduction and discussion of course guidelines. 2/7. European Science and the questions of exploration Consult the following sites and write a one-page paper describing what role Linnaeus’ ideas might have played in voyages of exploration. http://www.strangescience.net/linn.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/linnaeus.html 2/14. Polynesian Navigation Read Te Rangi Hiroa’s An Introduction to Polynesian Anthropology on “Polynesia” and “Polynesians.” Polynesian Navigators: Their Exploration and Settlement of the Pacific Elsdon Best. Geographical Review, Vol. 5, No. 3. (Mar., 1918), pp. 169-182. Stable URL http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=00167428%28191803%295%3A3%3C169%3APNTEAS%3E2.0.CO% 3B2-Q NOTE: This article contains high-quality images. Polynesian Migration Voyages: Accidental or Purposeful J. P. Frankel, American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 65, No. 5, Selected Papers in Method and Technique. (Oct., 1963), pp. 1125-1127. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=00027294%28196310%292%3A65%3A5%3C1125%3APMVA OP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-O Those Polynesian Voyages, Andrew Sharp, American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 67, No. 1 (Feb., 1965), pp. 102103 Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the American Anthropological Association Article Stable URL: http://0www.jstor.org.iii.sonoma.edu/stable/668663 Ben R. Finney, “Voyaging Canoes and the Settlement of Polynesia,” Science, New Series, Vol. 196, No. 4296 (Jun. 17, 1977), pp. 1277-1285. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1744728 Myth, Experiment, and the Reinvention of Polynesian Voyaging Ben Finney, American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 93, No. 2. (Jun., 1991), pp. 383-404. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=00027294%28199106%292%3A93%3A2%3C383%3AMEATR O%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S 2/21. Polynesian Society Moas and Men: New Zealand about A.D. 1250. Kenneth B. Cumberland, Geographical Review, Vol. 52, No. 2 (Apr., 1962), pp. 151-173, Published by: American Geographical Society. Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/212954 Felix M. Keesing, “The Changing Life of Native Peoples in the Pacific Area: A Sketch in Cultural Dynamics,” The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Jan., 1934), pp. 443-458. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2766263 Eighteenth Century Tonga: New Interpretations of Tongan Society and Material Culture at the Time of Captain Cook. Adrienne L. Kaeppler. Man New Series, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Jun., 1971), pp. 204-220. Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2798262 Michael J. Kolb, “Monumentality and the Rise of Religious Authority in Pre-contact Hawai'i,” Current Anthropology; Dec. 1994, Vol. 35 Issue 5, p521-547, Article Stable URL: http://0www.jstor.org.iii.sonoma.edu/stable/2744080 2/28 Seeing the Other I William T. Stearn, “A Royal Society Appointment with Venus in 1769: The Voyage of Cook and Banks in the 'Endeavour' in 1768-1771 and Its Botanical Results,” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Jun., 1969), pp. 64-90. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/530741 The Royal Society and the South Seas, G. E. Fogg, Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 55, No. 1 (Jan., 2001), pp. 81-103, Published by: The Royal Society. Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/532146 Bernard Smith, “European Vision and the South Pacific,” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Vol. 13, No. 1/2 (1950), pp. 65-100. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/750143 3/7 Endeavour Assignments: 1. Go to the South Seas website listed above and search Cook, Banks and Parkinson’s journals for terms you think are relevant to the voyage of the Endeavour while she was in Tahiti and New Zealand. For Cook and Banks, search the “Descriptions,” not the “Daily Entries.” Search at least a dozen terms, then take the five you find most interesting and write up a list and the dates and comments that you found of note. You can cut and paste these rather than type them out. Pick one of these entries and write a paragraph or two on what the entries tell you about the agenda or differing perspectives of Cook, Banks, or Parkinson. 2. Go to the South Seas website and look at the map of the Endeavour voyage. Click on the map to bring up those portions of the voyage covering Polynesia. Note the dates the Endeavour was in Tahiti and New Zealand. What seasons of the year was the Endeavour at each place? Search Cook’s and Bank’s journals to see if you can find out whether they understand the seasonal nature of agriculture. What terms or entries proved useful? 3. What are Cook’s and Bank’s impressions of the natives of New Holland in terms of their technology, interest in trade, and quality of life? How do they compare to the Tahitians and New Zealanders? 3/14 Resolution Read: Johann Reinhold Forster: The Neglected 'Philosopher' of Cook's Second Voyage (1772-1775), M. E. Hoare, The Journal of Pacific History, Vol. 2, (1967), pp. 215-224, Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Article Stable URL: http://0www.jstor.org.iii.sonoma.edu/stable/25167919 Assignments: 1. Go to Google and search: Johann Reinhold Forster Observations on A Voyage Around the World, or go to the Google Books preview: http://books.google.com/books and search the title. Read the “Introduction” and Forster’s “Preface.” Note how Forster’s views diverge from those expressed by Cook, Banks or Parkinson on the first voyage. What are the sources of the conflicts between the Forsters and Cook? What were the goals of Cook’s second voyage? What were his achievements? 3/21 State of Nature “Of Rats and Men: A Synoptic Environmental History of the Island Pacific,” J. R. McNeill, Journal of World History, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Fall, 1994), pp. 299-349 Published by: University of Hawai'i Press Article Stable URL: http://0-www.jstor.org.iii.sonoma.edu/stable/20078602 “The Introduction of Venereal Disease into Tahiti: A Re-Examination,” Howard M. Smith, The Journal of Pacific History, Vol. 10, No. 1 (1975), pp. 38-45 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Article Stable URL: http://0-www.jstor.org.iii.sonoma.edu/stable/25168208 A Message for Our Future? The Rapa Nui (Easter Island) Ecodisaster and Pacific Island Environments. Paul Rainbird. World Archaeology, Vol. 33, No. 3, Ancient Ecodisasters (Feb., 2002), pp. 436-451. Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/827878 The Effects of European Contact on Hawaiian Agricultural Systems - 1778-1819. Ross H. Cordy. Ethnohistory, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Autumn, 1972), pp. 393418. Published by: Duke University Press. Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/481442 Epidemiology and the Pacific Labor Trade. Ralph Shlomowitz. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Spring, 1989), pp. 585-610. Published by: The MIT Press Article Stable URL: http://0www.jstor.org.iii.sonoma.edu/stable/203955 3/28 Beachcombers and Missionaries “Beachcombers and Castaways as Innovators,” Thomas Bargatzky, The Journal of Pacific History, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Apr., 1980), pp. 93-102, Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Article Stable URL: http://0www.jstor.org.iii.sonoma.edu/stable/25168413 “Absorption, Trade and Warfare: Beachcombers on Ponape,” 1830-1854,” Martin Zelenietz and David Kravitz, Ethnohistory, Vol. 21, No. 3 (Summer, 1974), pp. 223-249 , Published by: Duke University Press Article Stable URL: http://0-www.jstor.org.iii.sonoma.edu/stable/481171 “Manuscript XVII: Who Taught Pomare to Read? Unpublished Comments by a Missionary Surgeon on Tahiti in May 1807 to October 1810, and Journal Entries by an Able Seaman at Tahiti in 1811,” Rhys Richards, The Journal of Pacific History, Vol. 40, No. 1 (Jun., 2005), pp. 105-115. Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Article Stable URL: http://0www.jstor.org.iii.sonoma.edu/stable/25169732 “A House Is Not a Home: Gender, Space and Marquesan Encounter, 1833-34,” Lee Wallace, The Journal of Pacific History, Vol. 40, No. 3 (Dec., 2005), pp. 265-288, Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Article Stable URL: http://0www.jstor.org.iii.sonoma.edu/stable/25169764 “Hawaii 1778-1854: Some Aspects of Maka'ainana Response to Rapid Cultural Change,” Caroline Ralston, The Journal of Pacific History, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Jan., 1984), pp. 21-40, Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Article Stable URL: http://0www.jstor.org.iii.sonoma.edu/stable/25168538 “Warfare and State Formation in Hawaii: The Limits on Violence as a Means of Political Consolidation,” Paul D'Arcy, The Journal of Pacific History, Vol. 38, No. 1 (Jun., 2003), pp. 29-52, Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Article Stable URL: http://0-www.jstor.org.iii.sonoma.edu/stable/25169618 4/4 No class: Research assignment. Research topics and preliminary bibliography due on 4/11. 4/11 Anthrohistopology Marshall D. Sahlins, “Poor Man, Rich Man, Big-Man, Chief: Political Types in Melanesia and Polynesia,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 5, No. 3 (Apr., 1963), pp. 285-303. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/177650 Other Times, Other Customs: The Anthropology of History Marshall Sahlins American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 85, No. 3. (Sep., 1983), pp. 517-544. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=00027294%28198309%292%3A85%3A3%3C517%3AOTOCTA%3 E2.0.CO%3B2-M “The Culture of Culture Contact: Refractions from Polynesia,” I. C. Campbell, Journal of World History, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Mar., 2003), pp. 63-86, Published by: University of Hawai'i Press Article Stable URL: http://0www.jstor.org.iii.sonoma.edu/stable/20079009 Heterotopic Dissonance in the Museum Representation of Pacific Island Cultures. Miriam Kahn. American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 97, No. 2 (Jun., 1995), pp. 324338 Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the American Anthropological Association. Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/681965 Research topics and preliminary bibliography due. 4/18 Spring Break. 4/25 Book Reports due. Presentations. 5/2 Presentations 5/9 Final Presentations 5/16 Final Presentations 5/23 Paper due by 12:00 noon. Books for Review Edward Robarts. The Marquesan journal of Edward Robarts, 1797-1824. Edited, with an introduction by Greg Dening. Imprint Honolulu, University Press of Hawaii [1974]. Stuart Banner, Possessing the Pacific: land, settlers, and indigenous people from Australia to Alaska, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007. Jean Barman and Bruce McIntyre Watson. Leaving paradise: indigenous Hawaiians in the Pacific Northwest, 1787-1898. Imprint Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2006. Greg Dening. Mr. Bligh's bad language: passion, power, and theatre on the Bounty. New York : Cambridge University Press, 1992. -- The Death of William Gooch: A History’s Anthropology Gananath Obeyesekere. The Apotheosis of Captain Cook; European Mythmaking in the Pacific. Honolulu, Princeton University Press, 1995. -- Cannibal Talk : The Man-Eating Myth and Human Sacrifice in the South Seas, 2005 Marshall Sahlins. How “Natives” Think: About Captain Cook for Example. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1995. --Apologies to Thucydides: Understanding History as Culture and Vice Versa. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2004. Makiko Kuwahara, Tattoo: an Anthropology. Oxford, New York, 2005. Nicholas Thomas, Anna Cole, and Bronwen Douglas, eds. Tattoo : bodies, art, and exchange in the Pacific and the West. Durham : Duke University Press, 2005. Francis Barker, Peter Hulme, Margaret Iversen, eds. Cannibalism and the colonial world. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Ter Ellingson. The myth of the noble savage. Berkeley, University of California Press, 2001. Ann Salmond, The Trial of the Cannibal Dog Aphrodite’s Island