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Download Chapter 1 Vocabulary – The Puzzled of Matter
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Name _______________________________________ Date ___________ Period ______ Vocabulary – Exploring the Universe Sun’s Interior Core – the central region of the sun where nuclear fusion occurs Radiation Zone – a region of closely-packed plasma outside the core of the sun, where energy is transferred by the absorption and reradiation of light Convection Zone – the region inside the sun where thermal energy is transferred outward mainly by convection currents Sun’s Atmosphere Photosphere – the thin innermost layer of the sun’s atmosphere, which is the visible surface of the sun Chromosphere – the middle layer of the sun’s atmosphere, just outside the photosphere Corona – the outermost layer of the sun’s atmosphere Solar Wind – a stream of electrically charged particles that flow from the sun outward through the solar system Features of the Sun’s Atmosphere Sunspots – an area of gas in the sun’s photosphere that is cooler than the surrounding gases Prominences – huge loops of gas that erupt from sunspot regions and extend upward from the photosphere into the chromosphere and sometimes into the corona Solar Flare – a dramatic eruption on the sun’s surface, usually near sunspots, that produces X-rays and sends charged particles into space at speeds of 1000 km/s or more Star – a large, glowing ball of gas in space that generates energy through nuclear fusion in its core Light-year – the distance that light travels in a vacuum in a year, about 9.5 trillion kilometers Parallax – an apparent change in position of an object with respect to a distant background when viewed from different locations Properties of Stars Color and Temperature Brightness Size and Mass Composition Apparent Brightness – the brightness of a star as it appears from Earth Absolute Brightness – a description of how bright a star really is; a characteristic property of a star that does not depend on the star’s distance from Earth . Classification of Stars Supergiants – a very large, massive, bright star ranging in size from 100 - 1000 times the dia. of the sun Giants – a large, massive, bright star that is somewhat smaller and fainter than a supergiant Main Sequence – a diagonal band on the H-R diagram, which represents about 90% of all stars White Dwarf – a small, dense, but dim remains of a low- or medium-mass star 478165683 1 Name _______________________________________ Date ___________ Period ______ Absorption Lines – a set of dark lines that show frequencies at which light has been absorbed from a star’s bright spectrum H-R Diagram – the Hertxsprung-Russell diagram, a graph of the surface temperature versus absolute brightness of a sample of stars Star Life Cycle Nebula – a large cloud of gas and dust spread out over a large volume of space Protostar – a contracting nebula with enough mass to form a star Planetary Nebula – a glowing cloud of gas surrounding a dying low-mass star Supernova – an enormous explosion in which the byproducts of a supergiant star’s lifetime of fusion are flung into space Neutron Star – the dense core left after a high-mass star has exploded as a supernova Pulsar – a spinning neutron star that appears to give off strong pulses of radio waves Black Hole – an object whose surface gravity is so great that no even electromagnetic waves can escape from it Constellation – a group of stars that appears to from a pattern as seen from Earth Star System – a group of two or more stars held together by gravity Binary Star – a star system with two stars that revolve around each other 3 types of Star Clusters 1. Open cluster – has disorganized or loose appearance and contains no more than a few thousand stars that are well spread out. 2. Associations – are temporary groupings of bright, young stars. In time 3. Globular Cluster – a large spherical-shaped group of older stars that usually lacks sufficient amounts of gas and dust to form new stars Galaxy – a huge group of stars, star systems, star clusters, dust, and gas bound together by gravity Types of Galaxies 1. Spiral Galaxies – a galaxy like the Milky Way with a bulge of stars at the center and arms extending outward like a pinwheel 2. Barred-spiral Galaxies – a spiral galaxy in which spiral arms extend outward from a bar running through the center of the galaxy 3. Elliptical Galaxies – spherical or oval-shaped galaxies with no trace of spiral arms and very little gas or dust between stars 4. Irregular Galaxies – a galaxy with a disorganized appearance Quasars – enormously bright center of a distant young galaxy Red Shift – a shift toward the red wavelengths of light from stars or galaxies moving away from Earth Hubble’s Law – the direct variation of the speed at which a galaxy is moving away from Earth with its distance from Earth Big Bang Theory – the theory of the beginning of the universe began in an instant, billions of years ago, in an enormous explosion Dark Matter – matter that does not emit radiation that astronomers can detect 478165683 2