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AP Biology
Animal Tissues and Development
Reading Guide
Chapters 40.1, 44, 19, and 20
Animal Organization Development
__________________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER 40.1
1. How do single celled and ‘sac’ animals allow for each body cell to be in contact with an aqueous
medium? How do more complex organisms solve this problem? (what is a common theme used
to maximize SA:volume ratios?)
2. Animals are multicellular and aside from sponges, all animals contain tissues. What is the definition
of animal tissue?
3. List the four general categories of animal tissues.
4. What germ layer gives rise to each class of tissue?
5. Summarize the function of each category of tissue.
6. A requisite of tissue formation is the presence of cell-cell adhesion and recognition. What particular
protein found in the extracellular matrix, as well as which type of cell-cell junctions are only present
in animals? (see Chap 5)
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AP Biology
Animal Tissues and Development
Reading Guide
7. Stratified squamous epithelium regenerates rapidly by division and is found in areas that are subject
to abrasion. Simple squamous epithelium is leaky and is usually found in areas where exchange
occurs across a surface. Cuboidal and columnar epithelia contain a lot of cytoplasm and usually
occur where secretory products are made. Predict which type of epithelium you would find in each
of the following:
A. Esophagus
B. Lungs
C. Blood vessels
D. Kidney tubules
E. Intestine
8. What might be the function of cilia in reproductive and respiratory systems?
9. What are the characteristics of the three muscle tissues?
10. Describe the basic composition of connective tissue. What is common to all types of connective
tissue?
11. Is bone a living tissue? Explain why a broken bone hurts and is often quite bloody.
12. How does the matrix of cartilage differ from that of bone?
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AP Biology
Animal Tissues and Development
Reading Guide
13. Why is blood usually considered a type of connective tissue?
14. What is the function of adipose connective tissue?
15. What are the two basic cell types found in nervous tissue? What is the function of nervous tissue?
16. Place the terms in order from smallest to largest group: organism, organ, cell, organ system, and
tissue.
17. All living organisms exhibit basic life processes.
representative of animals) organ system(s) involved.
List these below and the human (as a
CHAPTER 19.1 AND 19.3 – INTRODUCTION TO THE PROCESSES OF DEVELOPMENT
18. Define development.
19. Distinguish between a zygote and an embryo.
20. List and define the four developmental changes an organism undergoes in moving from embryo to
a mature adult.
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AP Biology
Animal Tissues and Development
Reading Guide
21. What is the underlying theme to what guides development of any organism?
22. Besides differential gene expression, what are several ways morphogenesis may occur in an
organism? Which of these will be most specific to plant development? Animal development?
23. What ultimately determines a cell’s fate?
24. Distinguish between the terms determination and differentiation.
25. Define totipotent.
26. What is the genetic equivalency hypothesis? What experiments support this?
27. What are stem cells? Where are they typically found in a plant? Where are stem cells typically
found in an adult mammal?
28. What is the purpose of adult stem cells?
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AP Biology
Animal Tissues and Development
Reading Guide
29. Define multipotent.
30. If every cell of an animal or plant retains all the original genetic information of the zygote, what does
distinguish one specialized cell from another?
31. At what level is gene expression most generally controlled during cell differentiation?
CHAPTER 44
We will now focus on animal development and explore the events that occur directly after fertilization.
We we then return to Chap 19 as need be to explore the molecular mechanisms behind such
development. Plant structure and development will be the focus of another lecture.
32.
Define fertilization.
33. What occurs in the egg following fusion of egg and sperm?
34. Explain the difference in size between sperm and egg.
35. What does the egg contribute to zygote?
36. What does the sperm contribute?
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AP Biology
Animal Tissues and Development
Reading Guide
37. What are cytoplasmic factors?
44.2 CELLULAR STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
38. Look at Fig 44.2. What is being established in the embryo? Are all the cells of the embryo
identical?
39. What process increases the cell number in the embryo?
40. What is the purpose of the yolk in some animals?
41. Distinguish between the animal pole and vegetal pole in zygotes that contain yolk.
42. What happens to the number of cells in a zygote during cleavage?
43. What happens to the size of the cells in the zygote during cleavage?
44. What is the solid ball of cells called?
45. What is the hollow ball of cells called?
46. Define blastocoel.
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AP Biology
Animal Tissues and Development
Reading Guide
44.2 TISSUE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
47. Describe the process of gastrulation.
48. How is the blastopore formed? In a deuterostome, the blastopore eventually becomes the
________________________.
49. What will the archenteron become?
50. In vertebrates, gastrulation does not occur by complete invagination of gastrula, instead a
____________________________ is formed.
51. Describe how mesoderm layer and coelom are formed.
52. Name the three primary germ layers and where they are located in the gastrula. Also, name the
tissues that form from each layer.
53. Summarize the two major outcomes of gastrulation.
44.3 ORGAN STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
54. What is the notochord? What primary germ layer forms the notochord?
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AP Biology
Animal Tissues and Development
Reading Guide
55. What is the neural tube? What primary germ layer forms the neural tube? Describe the process of
neural tube formation.
56. What is the neural crest? How is it formed and what structures does it become?
57. Describe the role of somites in embryo development.
58. Describe how the coelom is formed in vertebrates.
59. When does body segmentation occur? What is the importance of proper segmentation pattern?
60. What class of genes control body segmentation?
19.4 HOW IS CELL FATE DETERMINED?
61. What are the two general ways a cell’s fate can be determined?
62. When does cytoplasmic segregation occur? What does cytoplasmic segreation establish in the
embryo?
63. Define cytoplasmic segregation. Give an example of an experiment that demonstrated that the
distribution of an egg’s cytoplasm is not uniform.
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AP Biology
Animal Tissues and Development
Reading Guide
64. Define induction. Describe an experiment that demonstrated induction.
19.5 MORPHOGENESIS AND PATTERN FORMATION
65. What is the relationship between pattern formation and morphogenesis?
66. What are some of the processes responsible for morphogenesis?
67. Give examples of genes involved in the following processes:
A. Body axes
B. Segmentation
C. Organization of 3D structures (homeotic genes)
68. What are homeobox genes? How were they so named?
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AP Biology
Animal Tissues and Development
Reading Guide
69. The majority of developmental genes codes for what types of proteins?
70. What is the role of a transcription factor?
71. Describe the significance of homeobox genes in terms of evolution and animal development.
72. What role does apoptosis play in development?
CHAPTER 20.1 – 20.3 EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT
73. What is Evo-Devo?
74. What are the basic principles of evo-devo?
75. What are genetic switches?
76. How does the story of the eye-determining genes Pax6 and eyeless demonstrate the existence of
common developmental genes in different organisms?
77. What is the significance of the similarity between the fruit fly and mouse genes involved in the
development of polarity and pattern formation?
78. Why do insects unlike other artropods, lack abdominal limbs?
Stages of Animal Development WebQuest and Tutorial
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AP Biology
Animal Tissues and Development
Reading Guide
Go to: www.bcs.whfreeman.com/hillis1e
Once the student resources page appears, Click on Animated Tutorials to Expand the list.
Run through: Tutorial 14.2 Early Asymmetry in the Embryo
33.1 Gastrulation
14.3 Pattern Formation
14.4 Modularity
To get to these, you may have to click on the individual Chapters and then Animated Tutorials. Be sure
to take the quizzes at the end of each tutorial and record your scores here.
Hox Webquest
go to : http://www.dnaftb.org/37/
1. What are the stages of fruit fly development?
2. What is a "gap" gene?
3. What is a pair-rule gene?
4. Why is it likely that ancestors of fruit flies had 2 pair of wings? What gene causes
them to have only one pair of wings?
5. What are hox genes? What might occur if a hox gene mutated?
6. Describe each of the following mutant flies:
kruppel mutant
fushi tarazu mutant
Ubx mutant
Antp mutant
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AP Biology
Animal Tissues and Development
Reading Guide
Go to the link: "problem"
7. What will happen to an embryo that doesn't have BICOID protein?
8. What will happen if BICOID is overexpressed?
9. What kind of gene is HAIRY?
10. What kind of gene is EYELESS?
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