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1. Mrs. Cooper AHSGE Study Guide COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE – exchange of living things across the Atlantic that was started by Columbus (includes plants, diseases, and animals) 2. PONCE DE LEON – conquistador who searched Florida looking for a fountain of youth 3. MERCANTILISM – theory that a nation can build its strength by obtaining large amounts of gold and creating a favorable balance of trade 4. JAMESTOWN – first permanent English settlement in North America 5. YORKTOWN – battle during revolutionary war in which British forces surrendered to the Continental Army and the French (last battle of American Revolution), Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown. 6. HOUSE OF BURGESSES – first representative type government in the colonies; used as an example for future American governments 7. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR – war fought in North America between Britain and France over disputed land; led to taxation of the colonies, fighting over the Ohio River Valley, Treaty of Paris 1963. 8. INTOLERABLE ACTS – series of laws passed by Parliament to punish the colonies for the Boston Tea Party (includes martial law, quartering, closing Boston Harbor) 9. THOMAS JEFFERSON – author of the Declaration of Independence 10. PATRICK HENRY – Virginia assemblyman who gave a speech saying “Give Me Liberty or Give me Death” 11. IMPRESSMENT – the act of seizing a ship’s crew and forcing them to serve in the Navy; one of the causes of the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain 12. TREATY OF PARIS, 1983 – ended the Revolutionary War and created boundaries of the Atlantic to the Mississippi River 13. GEORGE WASHINGTON – Commander of the Continental Army and first President of the United States under the U.S. Constitution 14. VALLEY FORGE – place where the Continental Army spent a devastating winter during the Revolutionary; also place where Continental Army was trained by Lafayette and Von Steuben 15, UNALIENABLE RIGHTS – rights that cannot be taken away 16. BATTLE OF HORSESHOE BEND – battle of the War of 1812 that happened in present day Alabama; Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek Indians here 17. WAR OF 1812 – War fought between the United States and Britain caused by impressments and Britain furnishing weapons to Native Americans 18. PAUL REVERE – warned the people of Lexington and Concord that “the British are coming”, also painted a portrait of the Boston Massacre which was used for propaganda 19. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE – July 4, 1776, written by Thomas Jefferson to give the reasons why the 13 colonies wanted to break away from British rule 20. Judicial Review– established by the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison; gave the judicial branch the power to declare laws unconstitutional Mrs. Cooper American History I AHSGE Vocabulary Set Two 1. PLESSY V. FERGUSON – the Supreme Court case that declared that segregation was legal as long as facilities were equal (“separate but equal”) 2. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION – this government created after independence was very weak because it lacked the power to tax, had no judicial or executive branch, and lacked unity 3. COMPROMISE OF 1850 – agreement in the slavery issue that created California as a free state, allowed popular sovereignty in New Mexico and Utah, banned slave trade in Washington D.C., and created a strict Fugitive Slave Law 4. BALANCE OF SLAVE AND FREE STATES – before the Civil War politicians tried to maintain the same number of slave and free states in order to maintain the same number of senators who would support each case (examples include the Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850, and Kansas-Nebraska Act) 5. FEDERALISM – a system of shared government power between a strong central government (e.g., Washington D.C.) and stated governments (e.g., Montgomery) 6. LEXINGTON AND CONCORD – first battles of the Revolutionary War where minutemen fought the British a few miles outside of Boston, MA 7. UNDERGROUND RAILROAD – a route created and maintained by Harriet Tubman to help slaves escape from the South to the North to freedom 8. POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY – allowing territories to decide on the issue of slavery 9. TARIFF – tax on imports (goods coming into a country) 10. MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA – first capital of the Confederate States of America; place where the Confederate government was created and Jefferson Davis was sworn in as the president of the Confederate States of America 11. PROHIBITION – the banning of the manufacture, sale, and possession of alcoholic beverages (Alabama still has this on a county by county basis; e.g., Dale county is wet and Coffee county is dry) 12. FT. SUMTER – place in South Carolina where the first shots were fired in the Civil War; event that started the Civil War 13. EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION – Statement issued by President Abraham Lincoln that was to supposed to free the slaves in the South 14. MARTIN LUTHER – criticized the Roman Catholic Church with his 95 theses; stated the movement known as the Protestant Reformation (because of this movement people will seek religious freedom in the New World) 15. CRUSADES – series of Christian military trips from Europe to the Middle East to try and re-conquer the Holy Land; on these trips Europeans were exposed to exotic goods which in turn led to exploration 16. REFORMATION – started by Martin Luther in an attempt to change the Roman Catholic Church; brought people to the New World seeking religious freedom 17. RENAISSANCE – rebirth in intellectual thought, art, and education in Europe from 1300 to the 1600’s; improved sailing technique for the explorers 18. GREAT AWAKENING – religious revival in the American colonies that led to the unity and the questioning of British authority 19. ERA OF GOOD FEELING – a time in United States history when one party dominated government and politics; a result of the Federalists loosing popularity 20. INDIAN REMOVAL ACT – a law in 1830 that required Natives to move west of the Mississippi River; led to the Trail of Tears. Mrs. Cooper American History I AHSGE Vocabulary Set Three 1. PROGRESS AMENDMENTS - a name given to the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th amendments to the constitution (16th –income tax, 17th-popular election of senators, 18th-prohibition, 19th-voting rights for women) 2. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT – a movement, composed mostly of women, to rid society of alcohol; said alcohol was demon rum and the root of all evil) 3. TRAIL OF TEARS - name given to the route the Southeastern Natives (Creeks, Cherokees, Seminoles) were forced to take when they were required to leave their homeland for the reservations out West 4. JOHN LOCKE – English philosopher who influenced Thomas Jefferson; Locke maintained that government power should come from the people and that all people had natural rights such as life, liberty, and happiness 5. MONTESQUIEU – French philosopher who influenced the idea of three branches of government; this idea was used in creating the U. S. Constitution 6. ROUSSEAU – French writer who believed government was a social contract between the people and the government 7. PANAMA CANAL – a waterway built in Central America that prevented ships from having to go around the southern tip of South America; part of the United States’ desire to build an empire 8. FREDRICK DOUGLASS – former slave who became one of the more prominent abolitionists 9. SPOILS SYSTEM – giving government jobs to your friends and supporters; promoted in the U. S. by President Andrew Jackson 10. MONROE DOCTRINE – President Monroe’s policy of not interfering in Europe and Europe not interfering in the American continent; attempt to stop European colonization in the Western Hemisphere 11. INDIAN RESERVATIONS – western lands the Natives were forced to live on after they were removed from their homeland 12. SUFFRAGETTE – name given to women fighting for a woman’s right to vote 13. HENRY CLAY - senator who proposed the American System which called for improvements such as a national bank, tariff, and roads\canals 14. MANIFEST DESTINY – the belief that United States should own all the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; that God wanted it to be so 15. GETTYSBURG ADDRESS – speech given by President Abraham Lincoln at the site of the Civil War Battle of Gettysburg (“Four score and seven years ago”) in which he emphasized his belief in democracy and his desire to reunite the North and the South as one country 16. BLACK CODES – laws that limited the rights of free slaves in the South after the Civil War 17. ROBERT E. LEE – general of the Confederate Army in the Civil War; surrendered to General Grant and the Union forces at Appomattox, VA 18. ULYSSES S. GRANT – general of the Union Army in the Civil War; also would later serve as President of the United States 19. RECONSTRUCTION – the period right after the Civil War when the government was trying to bring the country back together; some wanted to punish the South; was ended by the “compromise of 1877” when the South agreed to let Rutherford B. Hayes be President if troops would be removed from the South 20. JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER – owned Standard Oil Company; created a monopoly in the oil industry 21. INDIAN REMOVAL ACT – a law in 1830 that required Natives to move west of the Mississippi River; led to the Trail of Tears) Mrs. Cooper American History I AHSGE voc. Set 4 EXAM 1. THEODORE ROOSEVELT – a progressive President who fought Big Business (trusts); established the Food and Drug Act, the National Park System, and had the “Square Deal” policy 2. ROUGH RIDERS – volunteer Calvary led by President Theodore Roosevelt who fought in Cuba during the Spanish-American War 3. STOCK MARKET CRASH – October 29, 1929, the spark that started the Great Depression 4. DUST BOWL – an area in the Midwest that experienced drought and wind erosion; had a huge impact on farming and considered part of the Great Depression 5. OPEN DOOR POLICY – created by Secretary of State John Hay; required that no country interfere with American trading rights with China 6. POPULIST MOVEMENT – movement of farmers in the late 1800s to become politically involved to protect their interest in America; movement wanted to expand the money supply and regulate Big Business 7. GIBBONS V. OGDEN – a 1824 Supreme Court case that ruled that Congress alone had the power to regulate interstate trade 8. WOODROW WILSON – President during WWI (1914-1918); originator of the idea for a League of Nations in his peace proposal called the 14 Points 9. LUSITANIA – a ship that was sunk by as German U-boat that killed 128 Americans’ led to anti-German feelings in the united States; a cause of US involvement in WWI 10. RED SCARE – name given the hysteria surrounding the spread of communism 11. ELLIS ISLAND – place around New York City where thousands of immigrants came into the U.S. to become citizens (site of the Statue of Liberty); the immigrants faced racism and a series of laws to limit immigration and activities (Chinese Exclusion Act, Emergency Quota Act, National Origins Act) 12. YELLOW JOURNALISM – form of sensationalized journalism with disregard to the truth; created anti-Spanish feelings which led to the Spanish-American War 1898 13. GREAT DEPRESSION – 1929-1941 a time when unemployment was high banks failed, and businesses closed 14. HERBERT HOOVER – President during the Great Depression; many blame him for the Great Depression; he said that it was up to individuals to solve the problems of business depression not government 15 FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT – President who originated the idea of the New Deal to help the U.S. get out of the Great Depression; also President during WWII (1939-1945); also broke Washington’s no third term for U.S. President tradition 16. ADOLF HITLER – leader of Germany and the Nazi Party; responsible for the Holocaust (killing of the Jews); led Germany in WWII 17. NAZIS – the political party of Germany before and during WWII; Hitler was its leader 18. WAR BONDS – loans made to the government with the promise the government will pay back with interest (e.g., savings bonds) 19. D-DAY – name given to the day the Allies (U.S. and Britain) attacked the mainland of Europe to defeat Hitler in WWII 20. CORNELIUS VANDERBILT – one of the “robber barons” who made his fortune from the railroad industry; Vanderbilt University is named for him Mrs. Cooper American History I November 9, 2009 AHSGE vocab. Set 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. SOCIAL SECURITY – one of the President Roosevelt’s New Deal programs that provided retirement to all workers in their older years HOMESTEAD ACT – a law that gave settlers who would move west and farm for five years ownership of that land; encouraged western settlement TVA- Tennessee Valley Authority; established hydroelectric dams on the Tennessee River; was a relief program by the government to end the Great Depression; had a huge impact on northern Alabama. WPA- Works Progress Administration; established by Congress in 1935 to provide relief during the Great Depression; employed 3.2 million people to make internal improvements such as building government buildings SHOT HEARD AROUND THE WORLD- phrase given to the shots fired at Lexington and Concord, MA, the first battles between the colonial minutemen and the British in the Revolutionary War PREAMBLE-the opening paragraph to the U.S. Constitution that explains the purposes of the new government under the U.S. Constitution 13TH AMENDMENT - abolished slavery 14TH AMENDMENT – Rights of Citizens 15TH AMENDMENT – Right to Vote 16TH AMENDMENT – Income Tax 17TH AMENDMENT – Direct Election of Senators 18TH AMENDMENT – PROHIBITION 19th AMENDMENT- Women the right to vote ANDREW CARNEGIE- one of the famous “robber barons” that created a business monopoly in the railroad industry; believed people with wealth should use it to help the poor; this idea is known as the “Gospel of Wealth” MIDNIGHT JUDGES- Name given to those judges appointed by President Adams before leaving office; led to the supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison which led to Judicial Review IDA TARBELL- wrote the History of Standard Oil Company in which she exposed the ruthless practices of the oil business; she was considered a muckraker, one who wrote of abuses of business on workers and consumers. UPTON SINCLAIR- a muckraker who wrote The Jungle in which he exposed the miserable working conditions of the meat packing industry in Chicago. PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT- fought to rid the United States of corrupt business and government beginning in the 1890s. 19. 20. RESULT OF FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR- led to taxation of the 13 colonies which led to the American Revolution which led to U.S. independence. WC HANDY- born in Florence, Alabama; popularized many Blues songs during the 1920s. Mrs. Cooper American History I December 10, 2009 AHSGE vocab. Set 6 1. FDIC- the Federal Deposit Insurance corporation which was established as part of the New Deal to keep people from taking money out of the bank during and after the Great Depression; the gov’t guarantees that your money will be available to withdraw. 2. ELIZABETH CADY STANTON- organized the first women’s rights convention at Seneca Falls; she fought for a woman’s right to vote. 3. ANTI-TRUST- during the Progressive movement trusts were a target and the progressives tried to get laws passed to make them illegal. 4. LOUISIANA PURCHASE-land acquired from France in 1803 by President Thomas Jefferson; the land doubled the size of the United States; it was explored by Lewis and Clark; Sacajewea served as their guide; it increased the power of the presidency 5. Isolationism- the policy of the United States at the beginning of WWI (1914-1918) and WWII (1939-1945) 6. Military Leaders of WWII- Dwight D. Eisenhower served in Europe; Douglas MacArthur served in the Pacific; George S. Patton was a Tank commander 7. World War II Allies- Great Britain, United States, France, and the Soviet Union 8. Pearl Harbor- site in Hawaii attacked by Japanese forces in 1941; is the reason the United States entered WWII 9. Atomic Bombs- The United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; this led the Japanese to surrender and helped bring an end to WWII 10. New Deal- Franklin Roosevelt’s programs to get the US out of the Great Depression; led to huge federal spending 11. Prohibition- resulted in bootleggers (those who sale alcohol illegally), speakeasies (places that sold illegal alcohol), and the 18th Amendment 12. Treaty of Versailles- ended WWI; called for Germany to pay war reparations and to disarm; also called for the League of Nations 13. WWI Weapons- the tank, poison gas, and submarine were first widely used 14. Imperialism- time when the U.S. looked to take over areas for natural resources and new markets (e.g., Hawaii, Cuba, Panama Canal Zone, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines) 15. Regulating Business- between 1887 and 1914 the government tried to regulate Big Business with the following legislation: Interstate commerce Act, Sherman Antitrust Act, Clayton Antitrust Act, and Federal Trade Commission Act 16. George Washington Carver- African-American agricultural researcher who worked at Tuskegee Institute, AL. 17. Booker T. Washington- African-American founder of Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, AL 18. W.E.B. DU BOIS- African-American social reformer who helped found the NAACP 19. New Industry- inventions like the telephone, typewriter, and telegraph led to new industries and jobs in the U.S. 20. Native Battles in Late 1800s- called Frontier Wars; most battles took place out in the Great Plains such as Montana 21. Horace Mann- father of education reform