Download Britain`s 13 “Colonies”

WORLD
NO # 1 Greek & Roman Civilizations
Mr. Lua World History Y10
Directions--Take out a sheet of paper and do the following:
"Part A" (Worth 10 Points): As Mr. Lua uses Powerpoint, please describe OR summarize OR illustrate 5 concepts that he mentioned while
lecturing. You may also simply describe 5 things that you remember most about what he mentioned.
Part B (10 Points): For Part B, please COPY, then FIND THE ANSWER to each of the "Checkpoints" below. You may put your answers below "Part A"
Part C (5 Points): For Part C, select 5 underlined Vocab below, then write a description, OR a definition, OR create an illustration for each one.
Part D (Optional 25 Points): Take out a different sheet of paper and copy everything below, verbatim.
I. Main Ideas About Greek Civilization
A) The Greek civilization had a MAJOR influence on the development of future civilizations (American,
Checkpoint 1
What is the difference between Direct
and INdirect democracy?
Checkpoint 2
Describe 3 things about Greek "Citystates."
British, etc.)
B) Democracy was born in Greece
1. There are different types of democracy, but it is generally the idea that ordinary people should
make decisions concerning how they are governed.
2. Direct Democracy—power and the ability to make decisions belong to ordinary people, who then
make decisions on their own and usually decide based on a majority vote.
 The Greeks eventually used direct democracy
3. Representational (indirect) democracy—leaders are chosen to make decisions on behalf of
ordinary people (although power is always owned by them)
C) Greeks were the first to suggest the idea that ordinary people have the ability to use reason (rational
thinking) and observations to gain true wisdom and figure out the world.
D) The rise of Greek City-States
1. The Greeks politically organized themselves by “City-States”
2. “City-States” organized and governed Greek society and life.
3. City-states acted like miniature countries.
 Each was independent of other city-states.
 Each had its own unique government, army, and expectations for citizens.
 Athens & Sparta were two of the most famous “city-states” because they were so different
II. Athens: Birthplace Of Democracy
Checkpoint 3
Describe 2 ways that ordinary
Athenian people suffered under the
Aristocracy.
Checkpoint 4
Simply list the names of the 3
Athenian "reformers" that brought
more democracy to Athens.
Checkpoint 5
What was the purpose of the Council
of 500?
Main Idea: Democracy was born in Athens.
 However, Athens did not start out as a democracy—it evolved into a democracy over 100's of years.
A) Before The Democracy
1. Athens was first an aristocracy (wealthy people dominated the government)
2. It had an assembly (legislature), which debated issues and created laws.
 However, membership in the assembly favored wealthy Athenians!
 Members had to own land, be a citizen, be male, non-slave.
3. Therefore MOST people did not have much power because only 10% were citizens, 50% were
female, and very few owned land.
B) Many ordinary Athenians suffered under the Aristocracy
1. Without much influence in the assembly, most Athenians were not able to pressure their
government to help them out.
2. The wealthy often became selfish and took advantage of ordinary Athenians during hard
economic times.
 “Debt slavery”—Wealthy Athenians allowed people to pay off their $$$ debts by selling
themselves (or family members) into slavery.
 Hundreds of farmers were forced to sell their land to the Aristocrats.
3. It reached a point were ordinary Athenians were threatening a violent revolution unless they were
given the ability to improve their lives.
C) Solon in 594 B.C.—the 1st Athenian leader that brought reform.
1. Each of his reforms (changes) attempted to make Athens more democratic:
 He made “debt slavery” against the law
 He cancelled many farmer debts
 He made it easier for people to become citizens.
2. Importance of Solon: although his reforms failed to totally democratic, he was the first leader to
attempt to increase citizen participation in Athens.
D) Cleisthenes in 508 B.C.—the 2nd Athenian reformer
1. 86 years after Solon, Cleisthenes introduced the Council of 500
 It replaced the old assembly and allowed all male citizens over age 30 to be a member.
 Members created laws, then debated each law to determine if they should be accepted or
rejected.
 A majority vote would decide whether a law was accepted or rejected.
2.
Checkpoint 6
Why might having "career politicians"
lead to a more efficient and effective
government?
Checkpoint 7
Simply list the names of Greek's most
famous philosophers.
Checkpoint 8
What was the Socratic Method?
Checkpoint 9
Summarize Plato's beliefs on what
might lead to a perfect society.
Checkpoint 10
Explain Aristotle's ideas about the
"Rule of Law."
Importance of the Council of 500:
 it made Athens a DIRECT DEMOCRACY (members were directly involved in decisionmaking)
 Every member had an opportunity to express his opinions about laws or suggest new laws.
 It brought more fairness and participation to the process of making decisions.
E) Pericles in 461 B.C.—the 3rd Athenian reformer
1. Pericles expanded democracy to never-before-seen levels with some of his ideas:
 Allowed ALL male citizens to take part in the government.
 Having “career politicians”—paying certain people to be full time government lawmakers and
become experts.
III. Greek Philosophers (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle)
A) Main Ideas
1. Most Greeks believed that events were caused by the moody decisions of Gods.
2. Three philosophers introduced ideas which challenged the belief system of most Greeks.
 Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle suggested that humans are capable of figuring out the
world and explain why things happen if they use REASON (rationally think) and
OBSERVATIONS.
 In other words, they suggested that humans should actively search for truth and
explanations.
B) Socrates invented the Socratic Method
1. He would ask a bunch of questions, then challenge people to examine the implications of
their answers.
2. Socrates’ goal was to help people find the truth within themselves by getting them to
actively think and question themselves.
3. Socrates knew that democracies can remain healthy if they have citizens that actively
think, ask questions, and challenge ideas.
C) Plato and his book: The Republic
1. Plato agreed with Socrates that reason (rational thinking) can lead to truth.
2. However, Plato angered many Greeks with his vision of a perfect society:
 A perfect society does not have a democratic government.
 Instead, the government should control every aspect of people’s lives in order to look
after their best interests.
3. There should be three classes of people in society
 Workers (to produce the necessities of life), soldiers (to defend against threats), and
“philosopher-kings” (rulers that are specially trained to make sure that stability, order,
and justice take place).
D) Aristotle & the “Rule Of Law”
1. Aristotle believed that governments with constitutions are best because they have strong
laws.
2. Such governments should follow the idea of “Rule Of Law.”
 Rule of Law = everyone (even rulers or govt. leaders) must obey and respect laws.
 If leaders obey the law, then tyrants (abusive leaders) will never emerge.
IV. Sparta—A Warrior Society
Checkpoint 11
Briefly summarize Spartan society.
Checkpoint 12
List 2 ways that Spartan society
differed from Athenian society.
A) Sparta’s Society—life was rigid, organized, and highly controlled.
1. Males (at age 7) began training for a lifetime in the army.
 Toughened by a course diet, hard exercise, and rigid discipline.
 From age 20-60, males served society by remaining soldiers.
2. Females, too, had a rigorous upbringing.
 They were expected to produce healthy sons for the military.
 They worked to exercise and strengthen their bodies.
B) Education to develop the mind was discouraged
1. Studying literature, philosophy, or art was not part of the Spartan education
2. Developing critical thinking & ability to think rationally was not needed.
B) Greek Religion
1. Most Greeks were monotheistic (believed in more than one god)
2. All major things that happen in the world take place because the Gods influenced events.

Poseidon (could shake the earth), Hades (God of wealth), Athena (Goddess of wisdom), etc.
3. In order to please the gods & win their favor, Greeks built temples & had festivals.
4. Greek leaders often consulted with the Oracles (priests/priestesses), who claimed to know the will
and desire of the gods.
II. What Motivated Europeans To Explore The Americas?
A) There are three major reasons
1.