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BIO 2430
Fall 2012
Study Guide Exam #3
90 Multiple Choice Questions (90 pts)
Chapters 10, 11, 12.
We have covered chapters 10,12 in lecture. Chapter 11
is read on your own and overlaps what is covered in the lab. The test will be
biased towards 10 and 12, but have some ch. 11 questions too. Concentrate on
muscles on lab list of must knows (see web)
1. Functions of skeletal muscle:
2. Characteristics of the sarcomere: Z-line, Thick filaments, thin filaments
3. Describe the interaction between actin and myosin
4. Know the composition of the thin filaments (actin, troponin, tropomysosin,
nebulin)
5. Be able to list the events in muscle contraction in order from action
potential to release.
6. Define origin and insertion
7. Explain how and where neurotransmitters are released at the N.M.J.
8. Describe what occurs at the motor end plate
9. Know what neurotransmitter (acetocholine) is released at the
neuromuscular junction
10. Define/Describe: epimysium, endomysium, perimysium, fascicle, motor
unit, dermatome, Sketch the basic layout of a cross cut muscle.
11. Functions of smooth muscle
12. Explain oxygen debt.
13. Describe anaerobic glycolysis and effects on muscle (lactic acid)
14. Explain the function of creatine phosphate
15. Describe and compare isotonic and isometric contractions
16. Define twitch and tetanus
17. Explain what happens to calcium ion levels after muscle contraction
18. Know the origins and insertions of: pectoralis major, pectoralis minor,
trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, levator scapulae
19. Define synaptic cleft, synaptic knob and neuromuscular junction
20. Know the functions of troponin and tropomyosin
21. Know what cross bridges are
22. Define sarcomere, sarcoplasmic reticulum, sarcoplasm, and sarcolemma
23. Describe the differences between “typical” cells and muscle fibers
24. Be able to identify parts on a diagram of a skeletal muscle fiber
25. Know types and functions of types of muscles: parallel, convergent,
circular, pennate, bipennate
26. Define: agonist, levator, synergist, antagonist, prime mover
27. Understand how muscles are named.
28. Know locations and functions of: orbicularis oris, tensor fasciae latae,
gracilis, soleus, gastrocnemius, Sartorius, temporalis (epicranius),
adductor longus, adductor magnus, sternocleidomastoid, external
obliques, biceps femoris, rectus abdominis, transverse abdominus,
trapezius, pectoralis major and minor, levator scapulae, latissimus dorsi,
serratus anterior, hamstring group, triceps, deltoid, biceps brachii,
pectoralis major and minor, quadriceps group, masseter
29. Define transversus, medialis, rectus, oblique, lateralis, superficialis
30. Functions of the nervous system
31. Divisions of the nervous system
32. General functions of neuroglia
33. Types of neuroglia, where they are found and their functions
34. Classes of neurons and where they are found: unipolar, bipolar,
multipolar, anaxonic
35. Types of ion channels
36. All or None Principle
37. Steps of the generation of an action potential
38. Define hyperpolarization, depolarization and hypopolarization
39. Describe the action of the Sodium and Potassium pump
40. Describe how the resting membrane potential of a neuron is created
41. Know figure 12-10. What ion pumps require energy? Figure 12-9
42. Parts of a neuron – dendrites, cell body, axon, myelin, synapse.
43. Cholinergic and Adrenergic Synapses
44. Define neuroeffector junction
45. Properties of Cerebrospinal Fluid
46. Afferent/Efferent Division of PNS
47. Describe IPSPs and EPSPs (inhibitory and excitory post synaptic
potentials) and their role in summation and threshhold.
48. Functions of the following neurotransmitters in the brain: dopamine,
serotonin, endorphin, enkephalin, epinephrine, norepinephrin, GABA,
dynorphin, endomorphin.
49. Label a diagram of an Action Potential
Essay questions for 3rd exam: Choose one of the following (20 pts)
1) Describe the action of the cross-bridge cycle model of muscle contraction
from depolarization at the neuromuscular junction to the sliding of actin and
myosin filaments. Please include the proteins involved and the roles of ATP
and ADP in the process.
2) Describe how a stimulus can be inhibitory or excitory in terms of
neurotransmitter and/or the spatial or temporal summation of graded
potential. Explain how this may be used in a particular response.
Highlight at least one example.