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Bell Work #7 What SPECIFICALLY do you feel we need to go over from this chapter? Ch. 6 Religion: Overview Universalizing vs. Ethnic Religions Universalizing Global, attempt to appeal to all people wherever they may live Examples? Ethnic Appeal primarily to one group of people living in one place Examples? Atheism vs. Agnosticism Atheism Belief that God does not exist Agnosticism Belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists Branch, Denomination, Sect Branch – large and fundamental division within a religion Examples? Denomination – division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body Examples? Sect – relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination Examples? Monotheism vs. Polytheism Monotheism One God Examples? Polytheism Multiple Gods Examples? Origin/Diffusion of Religions Universalizing - Precise places of origin based on events in the life of man Ethnic – unknown origins/dates Diffusion of ethnic religions – limited, lack missionaries dedicated to spreading religion Diffusion of ethnic religions happens mostly through relocation diffusion Christianity More than 2 billion adherents – most widely followed religion North America, South America, Europe, Australia, parts of Africa and Asia Branches Roman Catholic (51%) Eastern Orthodox (11%) Protestant (24%) Where are the branches distributed? Roman Catholic Southwest/eastern Europe, Latin America, Southwestern/northeastern US, Quebec Orthodox East/southeast Europe 14 Self-governing churches, the largest? Protestant Northwest Europe Protestant denominations in the US Baptist? The southeast Lutheran? Upper Midwest Latter-day Saints? Another name? West – Utah and surrounding states Origin/Beliefs of Christianity Founder? Jesus Christ – born in Bethlehem, died in Jerusalem, rose from the dead, Resurrection from dead provides people with hope for salvation Differences between the branches Roman Catholic – follow bible as well as church hierarchy (pope) Orthodox – split from Roman church in 5th C as result of rivalry with the pope Protestant – Reformation in 16th C, disagreed with Catholic teachings Diffusion of Christianity Hierarchical Dominance of Christianity throughout Roman Empire Relocation Missionaries, Colonization First Split in Christianity, 1054 CE Western Roman empire = Roman Catholicism Eastern Roman empire = Eastern Orthodox •The Eastern Orthodox Church makes up 14% of Christianity and is a loose collection of 14 selfgoverning churches in Eastern Europe and the Middle East. •To the right are the spires of St. Basil’s Cathedral in the Kremlin of Moscow. Notice the Orthodox cross on the onion-domed spire. Roman Catholicism is the largest branch of the Christian faith. The Vatican in Rome is the headquarters of the Papacy and a powerful symbol to Catholics around the world. European cities were dominated by the spires of great cathedrals and churches until the 20th century. Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Vatican City-Pope John Paul II greeted pilgrims in St. Peter’s Square Sacred Landscapes of Christianity Catholic Churches Are often located in the center of European cities, with spires reaching far above the other buildings. St. Michaels, (1472) Bordeaux, France Religious Landscapes in the United States Islam 1.5 billion adherents North Africa, Southwest Asia, Central Asia Other countries outside the Middle East? Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India Branches Sunni Shiite Where are the branches distributed? Sunni 83% of Muslims, largest branch, most Muslim countries in SW Asia Shiite 16% of Muslims 90% of Iran’s population is Shiite Origin/Beliefs/Diffusion of Islam Founder? Muhammed – Mecca 5 Pillars of Faith – one God, prayer 5 times daily, charity, fasting during Ramadan, Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca Diffused by Muslims conquering land Arab traders brought Islam to Indonesia Islam Islam is the 2nd largest & fastest growing religion with 1.5 billion followers. It has 2 main sects or Split in the Faith / After Muhammad's death Sunni (great majority) 83% of Muslims, largest branch, most Muslim countries in SW Asia /centered in Iraq Shiite 16% of Muslims 90% of Iran’s population is Shiite The Diffusion of Islam The Hajj-Pilgrims circle the holy Kaaba in the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia during the Hajj. Minaret (for call to prayer) stands on the Sabah State Mosque in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia The Dome of the Rock, with its gilded dome and octagonal base, stands in Jerusalem. After the Great Mosque at Mecca and the Prophet’s tomb at Medina, it is Islam’s third holiest site. According to Muslim tradition, the rock at its center was the point from which the Prophet Muhammad visited heaven one night in 619. Buddhism Location? East Asia, Southeast Asia 3rd largest universalizing religion Branches Mahayana Theravada Vajrayana Accurate number is difficult to count because primarily only monks participate in religious functions, people can be a believer in Buddhism but also other Eastern religions Buddhist Beliefs Founder? Siddhartha Guatama – present day Nepal Four Noble Truths Suffering leads to reincarnation Endless cycle of reincarnation until Nirvana is attained through an Eightfold Path Hinduism Universalizing or ethnic? 3rd largest religion – 900 million adherents Location? 90% in India, others in Bangladesh and Nepal Allegiance to a particular god or concept within a broad range of possibilities Vaishnavism, Sivaism are the largest Origin of Hinduism No specific founder Existed prior to recorded history 1500 BC – earliest surviving documents Judaism Universalizing or ethnic? 14 millions adherents United States/Israel Christianity and Islam have roots in Judaism Diffusion of Judaism Different than other ethnic religions, practiced in many countries Romans forced them to disperse Diaspora Sacred Sites of Jerusalem Jerusalem is sacred to three major religions: Judaism (Western Wall) Christianity (Church of the Holy Sepulchre) Islam (Dome of the Rock) Western Wall, Jerusalem Places of Worship Sacred Places Ethnic religions – holy places derive from the distinctive physical environment Universalizing religions – cities and other places associated with founder’s life endowed with holiness Islam – Mecca (birthplace of Muhammed), Medina (Muhammed’s tomb) Hinduism – tirtha (pilgrimage), Mt. Kailas, Ganges River – holiest river Disposing of the dead Christians, Muslims, Jews usually bury dead in a cemetery Cemeteries can consume significant space, put pressure on agricultural land Hindus – cremation, tends to strain India’s wood supply Administration of Space Hierarchical religion – well-defined geographic structure and organizes territory into local administrative units Example? Roman Catholic - Pope, Archbishops, Bishops, Priests Autonomous religion – self-sufficient, little interaction between communities Examples? Islam, Protestantism, Judaism, Hinduism Religion vs. Social Change Globalization has exposed local residents in developing countries to values and beliefs originating in the West Many religious adherents in developing countries view economic development as incompatible with religious values Afghanistan – strict laws inspired by Islamic values imposed by the Taliban India – caste system shortcomings highlighted by British administrators and Christian missionaries, efforts to provide more opportunities to lower castes more recently Religion vs. Communism Communist government of the Soviet Union pursued antireligious programs Marxism became the official doctrine, so religious doctrine was a potential threat, religion dwindled in daily life Fall of the Soviet Union brought religious revival to Eastern Europe and Central Asia Buddhism in Vietnam/SE Asia Countries – neither sides of Vietnam War were sympathetic to Buddhists Current governments have discouraged religious activities Religion vs. Religion Island of Eire (Ireland) Republic of Ireland – 87% Catholic, Northern Ireland (UK) – 46% Protestant, 40% Catholic Catholics in Northern Ireland have been excluded from higher-paying jobs and better schools Catholics began protesting in 1968, 3000 have been killed since then Extremist groups disrupt daily life despite the majority of Catholics and Protestants wanting to live in peace with each other