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PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION
DISSERTATION PROPOSAL
“A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED
TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE REAGARDING
DIALYSIS THERAPY AMONG NURSES IN SELECTED
HOSPITALS, BANGALORE. “
MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING
SUBMITTED BY
Mr. OM PRAKASH
M.Sc. NURSING, 1ST YEAR
SRILAKSHMI COLLEGE OF
NURSING,
BANGALORE.
1
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
BANGALORE, KARNATAKA
SYNOPSIS PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION
1
NAME OF THE CANDIDATE
AND ADDRESS
:
Mr. OM PRAKASH
SRILAKSHMI COLLEGE OF NURSING
SUNKADAKATTE,
BANGALORE
2
NAME OF THE INSTITUTION
:
SRILAKSHMI COLLEGE OF NURSING
SUNKADAKATTE, BANGALORE
JOSC
3
COURSE
OF
THE
STUDY
M.Sc. NURSING, 1ST YEAR
AND SUBJECT
MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING
4
DATE OF ADMISSION
15.05.2010
5
TITLE OF THE TOPIC
“A STUDY TO ASSESS THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF
STRUCTURED TEACHING
PROGRAMME ON
KNOWLEDGE REGARDING
DIALYSIS THERAPY AMONG
NURSES IN SELECTED
HOSPITALS, BANGALORE.”
2
6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK
INTRODUCTION
The kidneys are two organs with several functions. They are seen in many types of
animals, including vertebrates and some invertebrates. They are an essential part of the urinary
system and also serve homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance
of acid-base balance, and regulation of blood pressure. They serve the body as a natural filter of
the blood, and remove wastes which are diverted to the urinary bladder. In producing urine, the
kidneys excrete wastes such as urea and ammonium; the kidneys also are responsible for the
reabsorption of water, glucose, and amino acids. The kidneys also produce hormones including
calcitriol, renin, and erythropoietin.1
Located at the rear of the abdominal cavity in the retroperitoneum, the kidneys receive
blood from the paired renal arteries, and drain into the paired renal veins. Each kidney excretes
urine into a ureter, itself a paired structure that empties into the urinary bladder.1
The kidneys have important roles in maintaining health. When healthy, the kidneys
maintain the body's internal equilibrium of water and minerals (sodium, potassium, chloride,
calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfate). Those acidic metabolism end products that the body
cannot get rid of via respiration are also excreted through the kidneys. The kidneys also
function as a part of the endocrine system producing erythropoietin and calcitriol.
Erythropoietin is involved in the production of red blood cells and calcitriol plays a role in bone
formation.[2] Dialysis is an imperfect treatment to replace kidney function because it does not
correct the endocrine functions of the kidney. Dialysis treatments replace some of these
functions through diffusion (waste removal) and ultrafiltration (fluid removal).[3]When
someone's kidneys fail, he may be forced to go on dialysis. This process requires the assistance
of medical personnel. To that end, dialysis nurses are critical; they specialize in working with
patients suffering from kidney disease. Over the course of their shift, they hook up patients to
dialysis machines and monitor their progress to make sure that there are no complications
during the dialysis process. Dialysis nurses are required to receive medical training in nursing.
Additional training in the specific care of kidney patients is also greatly encouraged.2
3
Dialysis is a mechanical process in which toxins are removed from the body by a machine.
People may have to go on dialysis after their kidneys have failed. Dialysis treatments are
generally given several times a week. The person sits in a chair while their blood is filtered and
cleaned. Dialysis can be debilitating and unpleasant. Patients may suffer from after-effects such
as extreme fatigue and they may be forced to adhere to a strict, specialized diet while on
dialysis.3
The decision to initiate dialysis or hemofiltration in patients with renal failure depends on
several factors. These can be divided into acute or chronic indications.

Indications for dialysis in the patient with acute kidney injury are:[16]
1. Metabolic acidosis in situations where correction with sodium bicarbonate is
impractical or may result in fluid overload.
2. Electrolyte abnormality, such as severe hyperkalemia, especially when combined
with AKI.
3. Intoxication, that is, acute poisoning with a dialysable drug, such as lithium, or
aspirin.
4. Fluid overload not expected to respond to treatment with diuretics.
5. Complications
of
uremia,
such
as
pericarditis,
encephalopathy,
or
gastrointestinal bleeding.

Chronic indications for dialysis:
1. Symptomatic renal failure
2. Low glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (RRT often recommended to commence at
a GFR of less than 10-15 mls/min/1.73m2). In diabetics dialysis is started earlier.
3. Difficulty in medically controlling fluid overload, serum potassium, and/or
serum phosphorus when the GFR is very low.
Dialysis nurses' primary responsibility is monitoring the health of patients undergoing
the dialysis treatment. This means noting any changes in patient status as well as progression
4
of the disease. A dialysis nurse must understand how the dialysis machine works, to make
sure that it is functioning properly. If the machine fails to work as it should, she must call the
appropriate person to fix it. During each treatment session the dialysis nurse has various tasks
that must be performed each time. The nurse will draw blood from patients, change catheter
dressings, flush each catheter port with saline, make sure the catheter is free from kinks and
that the saline and dialysis solution can flow. A dialysis nurse will also check the patency of
fistulas and grafts. These are dialysis entry ports placed in the arm or the thigh. The site of the
fistula must be kept clean to avoid infection. The nurse may administer additional medication,
such as iron and vanomycin or Epogen, to help maintain red blood cell counts. A dialysis also
must monitor patients to check for complications such as low blood pressure and cramping.
Many problems can be fixed by a change in medication or positioning. Other problems may
require the assistance of a doctor. The nurse should refer patients to kidney specialists if
necessary.3
A dialysis nurse is a licensed practical nurse (LPN) or registered nurse (RN) who
specializes in working with patients who have kidney disease or experienced kidney failure and
who must undergo a treatment known as dialysis. In the overwhelming majority of cases, a
dialysis nurse is an RN, not an LPN, because an RN has completed at least two years of
training. He or she is certified in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and generally is a
certified nephrology nurse (CNN) or a certified dialysis nurse (CDN) as well. This type of nurse
is among the health care providers who understand how a dialysis machine operates and who
monitor the health of patients with kidney problems who must undergo dialysis. It usually is a
dialysis nurse who draws blood from a patient, changes catheter dressings, ensures that
catheters are cleaned and free of kinks and is a source of information about kidney disease for
patients.4
6.1
THE NEED FOR THE STUDY
The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reports chronic renal failure has become a
growing health problem in the United States. It also determines that one in six persons suffers
5
from renal problem. Compared with the 1990s, the number of people renal problems has raised
by 16% due to occurrence of diabetes, hypertension, aging population, and obesity.5
Renal physiology is the study of kidney function, while nephrology is the medical
specialty concerned with kidney diseases. Diseases of the kidney are diverse, but individuals
with kidney disease frequently display characteristic clinical features. Common clinical
conditions involving the kidney include the nephritic and nephrotic syndromes, renal cysts,
acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, urinary tract infection, nephrolithiasis, and urinary
tract obstruction.[1] Various cancers of the kidney exist; the most common adult renal cancer is
renal cell carcinoma. Cancers, cysts, and some other renal conditions can be managed with
removal of the kidney, or nephrectomy. When renal function, measured by glomerular filtration
rate, is persistently poor, dialysis and kidney transplantation may be treatment options.
Although they are not severely harmful, kidney stones can be a pain and a nuisance. The
removal of kidney stones includes sound wave treatment, which breaks up the stones into
smaller pieces which are then passed through the urinary tract. One common symptom of
kidney stones is a sharp pain in the medial/lateral segments of the lower back.6
The success of haemodialysis depends on access to the circulation. Preservation of the
access site should be a primary goal of patient care. Little research on nursing interventions
related to vascular access exists. Access care varies from centre to centre and there are often no
written protocols for guidance. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of integrated
education on nurses' knowledge. The fundamental principles of vascular access should be used
to help train future dialysis staff members in order to improve quality of care. We must
continue to gain knowledge in this important area through nursing research and education. This
research demonstrates that integrated education improves the knowledge of nurses working in a
renal unit.7
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are faced with demanding treatments and
need to have knowledge when taking care of their health and treatments. Patient education is an
important component in the management of CKD (Klang, Bjorvell, Sundstedt, & Clyne, 1998).
Patient education with good quality is based on patients' individual needs (Leino-Kilpi &
Vuorenheimo, 1994), and therefore, it is important to explore knowledge expectations of
6
patients on dialysis treatment. This study helps to know the knowledge expectations of patients
receiving dialysis treatment.8
Nephrology nurses use the nursing process to care for patients of all ages who are
experiencing, or are at risk for, kidney disease. Nephrology has been recognized as a specialty
for over 35 years. In 1973, treatment for end stage kidney disease (ESRD) by hemodialysis,
peritoneal dialysis, or transplantation was funded by the federal government through the Social
Security program making ESRD the only disease-caused disability and became more readily
available. As a result, the role of the nephrology nurse grew in scope, practice boundaries
broadened, and the number of nephrology nurses climbed steadily. Nephrology nursing
involves both preventing disease and assessing the health needs of patients and families. Care
spans the life cycle and involves patients who are experiencing the real or threatened impact of
acute or chronic kidney disease; therefore nephrology nurses must be well-educated, highly
skilled, and motivated. These nurses also deal with every organ system in the body, calling for a
holistic approach to patient care that is both challenging and rewarding. Driven by
technological and educational advances, nephrology nursing continues to be a dynamic field
with a wide variety of career opportunities for nurses at all levels.9
Nephrology nurses practice in dialysis clinics, hospitals, physician practices, transplant
programs, and many other inpatient and outpatient settings. They work in primary, secondary,
and tertiary care facilities as well as in patients’ homes – wherever individuals experiencing or
at risk for kidney disease receive health care. In inpatient settings, patients are often critically ill
and care is fast-paced and challenging. In outpatient settings, the nephrology nurse is an integral
member of a multidisciplinary team that cares for patients with complex needs. The nurse in
this setting functions as advocate, educator, consultant, care coordinator, and direct caregiver
and oversees long-term care of chronically ill patients. As such, the nephrology nurse can have
a positive impact on the quality of patients’ lives. Other opportunities in nephrology nursing
include education, management, research, case management, advanced practice nursing,
pediatric nephrology.10
Instructions from a physician to be carried out in the treatment of his or her patient
usually involve the services of a dialysis nurse. Although the duties of these health care
7
providers can vary greatly depending on their level of education and experience, almost all of
them administer medications and fluid therapy or blood products according to the doctor's
orders. A dialysis nurse generally develops a long-term relationship with patients as opposed to
a nurse who works in the emergency room. This contact allows the dialysis nurse to be
instrumental in educating patients and encouraging them to comply fully with the diet
prescribed by the physician.10
6.2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Review of literature is a key step in research process. The major goal of the review of the
literature is to develop a strong knowledge base to carry out research and non research scholarly
activities.
“A literature review is a complication of resources that provide the ground work for
future study”.
The literature reviewed has been presented under the following heading:
1. Studies related to knowledge of renal problems
2. Studies related to complications of renal failure
3. Studies related to knowledge of dialysis therapy among nurses
1. Studies related to knowledge of renal problems
Renal disease might get worse if the sufferer consumes fresh meat and poultry injected
with additives. According to the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology,
additives such as sodium, potassium salts, and dietary phosphorus can endanger those with
chronic renal problems as increasing blood pressure levels and causing sudden death. With that
said, for anyone who suffers from chronic renal disease, limiting additive intake is imperative
for health. It is good to look at food labels before purchasing fresh meat at the supermarket.11
8
According to the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, seniors who have
chronic renal failure are associated with an increased risk for several cancers such as lung and
urinary cancer. In addition, chronic renal failure research also discloses that older men having
transplantation and those with renal disease might develop certain malignant cancers. Men with
renal disease face a three-fold higher risk for developing cancer compared with those who have
renal function normally. It is highly recommended undergoing cancer screening for people with
renal disease.12
A new study published in the journal Human Genetics discloses that African Americans
deal with a four-fold increased risk and Hispanic Americans face a two-fold increased risk of
having chronic renal failure compared with the entire population. Researchers confirm that the
APOL1 gene is associated with the higher risk of renal disease. The gene that enables someone
to have renal failure must be identified to determine ways to decelerate renal disease.13
Babies born weighing less than 5.5 pounds have an increased risk of renal failure of up
to 70% later in life compared with babies of normal weight. The American Journal of Kidney
Diseases explains that normal kidney development might be affected by the confined growth of
a fetus, which leads to form smaller kidney at birth. They become vulnerable to renal function
loss due to infections or diseases like diabetes. Researchers have found a correlation between
low birth weight in babies and renal failure later in life. In addition, researchers further suggest
that anyone who is genetically small be aware of preventing obesity, avoiding medicine
overdose, and exercising to stay healthy.14
2. Studies related to complications of renal failure
According to the British Heart Foundation, four million people in Britain take the drugs.
Some side-effects from the drugs are already known but new UK data has highlighted a range
of other possible problems. The study found that some statins can lead to an increased risk of
liver dysfunction, acute kidney failure, muscle damage known as myopathy and cataracts. Sideeffects that are already known include insomnia, constipation or diarrhoea, headaches, loss of
appetite and loss of sensation or pain in the nerve endings of the hands and feet. The study
9
involved more than two million patients in England and Wales aged 30 to 84, of whom 225,922
(10.7%) were new users of statins, 159,790 (70.7%) were prescribed simvastatin, 50,328
(22.3%) atorvastatin, 8,103 (3.6%) pravastatin, 4,497 (1.9%) rosuvastatin and 3,204 (1.4%)
fluvastatin.The results showed that statins were linked to a decreased risk of oesophageal cancer
but increased risk of moderate or serious liver dysfunction, acute renal failure, moderate or
serious myopathy and cataracts.There was no evidence of statins being linked to a range of
other cancers or Parkinson's disease.The authors wrote: "Adverse effects were similar across
statin types for each outcome except liver dysfunction where risks were highest for
fluvastatin."The authors said the higher the dose of a statin, the more at risk a patient was from
acute renal failure and liver dysfunction.15
A team of researchers from the John Hopkins University, through their study suggest
that dialy supplementation of potassium citrate may prevent the incidence of painful kidney
stones, a common side-effect that affect epileptics due to their strict compliance to high-fat
ketogenic diet. Kidney stones is an adverse event associated with ketogenic diet that affects
approximately 6 percent of children. The objective of the study is to assess if daily
supplementation of potassium citrate would help reduce the risk of kidney stones. For this
study, the researchers recruited a total 313 children who are on ketogenic diet from 2000 to
2008 at the John Hopkins Hospital with month of follow-up. From the 2000 to 2005, the
children with identified hypercalciuria were treated with Polycitra K at 2mEq/kg per. Whereas
since 2006, all children who were started on ketogenic diet were empirically started on
Polycitra K supplementation.The results of the study show that of the 198 children who
received Polycitra K only 2 percent of children developed kidney stones when compared to the
10.5% children who did not receive the supplements. According to the researchers, empiric
administration of Polycitra K to children immediately at their commencement of ketogenic diet
in the year 2006 were seven times less likely to develop kidney stones when compared to to
those who were given supplements only after the detection of hypercalciuria.16
10
3. Studies related to knowledge of dialysis therapy among nurses
According to Niedzwiecka A, Nowicki M, Tkaczyk M conducted the study on
healthcare institutions--including dialysis units--are expected to provide their patients with
broad-spectrum and high-quality services. Nurses are the members of the therapeutic team who
spend most time with the patient undergoing renal replacement therapy, and thus the image of
the whole dialysis unit depends on their work. The aim of the study was to assess the dialysis
patients' expectations towards their nurses. The study group consisted of 150 adult dialysis
patients treated with hemodialysis in dialysis units in Lodz region. The participants were asked
to fill out an anonymous questionnaire specially tailored for the study. They showed that
dialysis patients were generally satisfied with the level of care provided by nurses and described
them as reliable, professional and well-qualified. Patients especially valued kind attitude, smile
and friendliness of the nurses. Fully professional care was noticed by 25.7% of patients.
Patients dialyzed for a longer period of time (over 10 years) described nurses' knowledge,
practical skills and independence with more criticism. A quarter of them stated that nurses
always relied on the doctor's decision. The study revealed that dialysis nurses' work, practical
skills and attitude were assessed very well by patients. Their level of satisfaction would be
higher if nurses spent more time and initiated more discussion with the patients. The high merit
that nurses received should be considered as a stimulus that ought to increase the professional
independence and quality of dialysis nurses performance.17
A descriptive study of the cultural competence of hemodialysis nurses. McMaster
University School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton,
They conducted study Within a society that is becoming increasingly multicultural, it is vital for
nurses to become culturally competent in order to meet the needs of a culturally diverse
population. Cultural knowledge plays a primary role in influencing the quality of care that
nurses provide on a daily basis. The purpose of this descriptive study was to assess the cultural
competence level of hemodialysis nurses. The study was conducted in an outpatient setting at a
large teaching hospital in Canada. The Inventory for Assessing the Process of Cultural
Competence-Revised (IAPCC-R) was used as the questionnaire for this study. A convenience
sample of 58 hemodialysis nurses completed the IAPCC-R tool. Data were analyzed using
11
descriptive statistics. The nurses had a mean score of 65.58% on the IAPCC-R tool, indicating
that they were culturally aware, but not culturally proficient. Further analysis of the IAPCC-R
results showed that the nurses were lacking information in the area of cultural knowledge, but
that they were motivated to become culturally competent. The findings from this study
indicated that, in a society that is becoming increasingly multicultural, hemodialysis nurses
were motivated to become culturally competent. There is a need for nurse educators to support
nurses to reach this goal.18
This article describes the particular challenges encountered at a chronic kidney disease
teaching event for nurses, including the problems of coaching learners with varied experience
and using appropriate teaching methods to ensure learners remain focused. The importances of
different learning styles are also discussed in reference to the relevant research. The pros and
cons of a lecture-type presentation are explored and an example of a more varied lecture-style is
provided. The case is also made for a facilitative approach to teaching that encourages deeplevel learning. It is suggested that using vivid examples, such as case studies, can facilitate
engagement with the presented material, encouraging learners to ask 'what-if' questions that are
designed to develop critical thinking. This approach assists learners to build their knowledgebase on both academic and real-life experience.19
According to Badzek LA, Cline HS, Moss AH, The study was to determine what
percentage of elderly patients (age 65 years and older) nephrology nurses (NN) believe should
not be dialyzed and to identify NN perceptions and concerns about the inappropriate use of
dialysis for these patients. The design was descriptive using a cross-sectional survey instrument.
Data was collected in 1996 from 393 NN (44% response rate), with a mean age of 41 years and
9 years of dialysis experience. The sample was 1,000 NN randomly selected from 7,000
members of the American Nephrology Nurses'Association (ANNA) who selected hemodialysis
as a special area of interest. Quantitative analysis of respondents revealed that NN felt that 15%
of elderly dialysis patients (EDP) should not be dialyzed, and 80% were troubled by decisions
to start dialysis for some elderly patients. Content analysis of qualitative responses supported
the NN concerns revealed in the quantitative analysis. Five themes with interrater reliability of
> 98% were identified: quality of life (QoL), patient/family inadequate knowledge, patient
12
influences on decision making age, and other (cost/legal reasons). QoL issues accounted for
75% of NN responses. Statistical analyses including an ANOVA, t-tests, and chi square failed
to identify relationships between themes and demographic factors, such as age, gender, years of
experience, education level, unit profit status, and type of staff position. The researchers
conclude that NN believe dialysis is inappropriate for a significant percentage of EDP, these
perceptions and concerns are widespread, and QoL issues are key factors in decisions to
withhold or withdraw dialysis. NN may decrease the inappropriate use of dialysis by identifying
QoL factors for EDP, facilitating discussions with family members and nephrologists, and
continuing to advocate for the rights of EDP with poor QoL.20
According to Gelmez M, Akcacoglu T, they conducted the study on the success of
haemodialysis depends on access to the circulation. Preservation of the access site should be a
primary goal of patient care. Little research on nursing interventions related to vascular access
exists. Access care varies from centre to centre and there are often no written protocols for
guidance. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of integrated education on nurses'
knowledge. The fundamental principles of vascular access should be used to help train future
dialysis staff members in order to improve quality of care. We must continue to gain knowledge
in this important area through nursing research and education. This research demonstrates that
integrated education improves the knowledge of nurses working in a renal unit.21
Statement of the problem:
‘‘A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on dialysis
therapy among nurses in selected hospitals, Bangalore.”
6.3 Objectives of the study
1. To assess the pre test knowledge of staff nurses regarding dialysis therapy.
2. To determine the effectiveness of structured teaching programme by comparing pre test
and post test knowledge scores among nurses in dialysis unit.
3. Find the association between knowledge scores and selected demographic variables.
13
4. To develop an information booklet on dialysis treatment in unit.
6.4
Operational definitions
1. Assess: In this study it refers to the organized systematic continuous process of
collecting data among staff nurses regarding dialysis therapy.
2. Effectiveness: Refers to the differences obtained in post test knowledge scores with that of
pretest knowledge scores on dialysis therapy among nurses working in dialysis unit.
3. Knowledge: In this study it refers to the correct response of staff nurses to the structured
questionnaire on dialysis therapy.
4. Structured teaching programme (STP): Refers to the systematically structured teaching
activities designed to provide information on dialysis therapy-its descriptions and
Interventions; using lecture method assisted with variety of AV aids for duration of one
hour.
5. Dialysis: Dialysis is a mechanical process in which toxins are removed from the body by a
machine. People may have to go on dialysis after their kidneys have failed.
6. Staff Nurses: In this study it refers to a person educated and trained to work in hospital
which includes GNM staff, graduate and post graduate nursing staff.
7. Hospital: It is a selected institution in Bangalore which is providing complete health care,
both curative and preventive.
6.5 Hypothesis
H1: There will be significant difference in the post test of knowledge scores than the pretest
knowledge scores on dialysis among nurses
H2: There will be significant association with the knowledge scores and their selected
demographic variables.
6.6 Delimitations
1. The study is limited to nurses working in renal unit.
14
2. The study has evaluation of knowledge on only one observation.
3. The study assesses only knowledge scores.
6.7 Variables

Dependent variable: Knowledge of nurses on dialysis therapy

Independent variable: Structured teaching programme
7 MATERIAL AND METHODS
7.1
Sources of data
The data will be collected from the staff nurses those
are working in dialysis unit in selected hospital
Bangalore.
7.1.1
Research design
The research design adopted for present study is
descriptive design.
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4
Research
The research approach adopted for the present study
approach
is an evaluative research approach.
Setting of the
The study will be conducted in dialysis unit in
study
selected hospitals at Bangalore.
Population
The population for the present study comprises of
staff nurses who are working in renal unit.
7.1.5
Sampling
The proposed sampling technique adopted for the
technique
present study is simple random technique.
15
7.1.6
Sample size
The proposed sample size of this study consists of 60
staff nurses.
SAMPLING CRITERIA
7.1.7
Inclusion
criteria
1. Staff nurses who are working renal unit.
2. Nurses who are willing to participate.
3. Both female and male nurses can participate
4. Nurses who are available during data collection.
7.1.8
Exclusion
1. Staff nurses who not willing for the study.
criteria
2. Staff nurses who are not working in the renal unit.
7.2 DATA COLLECTION METHOD
7.2.1
Tool for data
The tool for the proposed study is self
collection
administered
structured
knowledge
questionnaire which would be developed by
investigator with the help of extensive
literature and experts opinion.
7.2.2
Procedure of
The plan of data collection for the proposed
data collection
study is as follows:
*. Permission will be obtained from the
hospital authorities and respondents.
*. Pre test will be conducted using structured
knowledge
questionnaire
subsequently,
structured teaching programme will be given
on same day.
16
*. On the seventh day, post test will be
conducted using same structured knowledge
questionnaire.
*. Proposed data collection period will be 30
days.
7.2.3.
Data analysis
Data
analysis
through
method
inferential statistics.
descriptive
and
1. Descriptive statistics: Frequency, means,
mean percentage and standard deviation of
describe their demographic variable.
2. Inferential statistics: Paired ‘t’ test to
compare pre and post test knowledge scores.
Chi-square test will be used to find out the
association between selected demographic
variable and knowledge scores.
7.3 DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INVESTIGATION TO BE CONDUCTED ON
THE PATIENTS, OR OTHER HUMANS OR ANIMALS?
Yes
7.4 ETHICAL CLEARANCE
The main study will be conducted after the approval of research
committee. Permission will be obtained from the concerned head of the institution. The purpose
and details of the study will be explained to the study subjects and an informed consent will be
obtained from them. Assurance will be given to the study subject on the confidentiality of the
data collected from them.
17
8. LIST OF REFERENCES:
1. [ cited 2010 Oct 5]; Available from:
URL:http://www.wikipedia.org
2. [ cited 2010 Oct 5]; Available from:
URL: http://www.bbraun.com
3. [ cited 2010 Oct 5]; Available from:
URL: http://www.kidneyatlas.org
4. Berns JS, O’Neill (2008) “Performance of procedures by nephrologists and
nephrology fellows at U.S nephrology training program” Clin.J. Am Soc. Nepral 3
(4): 941-7
5. [ cited 2010 Oct 5]; Available from:
URL: http://www.annanurse.org
6. Tzur S et al. Missense Mutations in the APOL1 Gene are Highly Associated
with End Stage Kidney Disease Risk Previously Attributed to the MYH9 Gene.
Human Genetics, 2010.
7. [ cited 2010 Oct 5]; Available from:
URL: http://www. med.epe.edu.tr
8. Wong, Germaine et al. Association of CKD and Cancer Risk in Older People.
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2009.
9. Richard Sherman, MD, and Ojas Mehta, D.O. Phosphorus and Potassium
Content of
Enhanced Meat and Poultry Products: Implications for Patients
Receiving Dialysis. Clinical Journal of the American Society Nephrology, 2009.
10. Nephrology Nursing Journal, May-June, 2008 by Mirkka Rantanen, Tapio
Kallio, Kirsi Johansson, Sanna Salantera, Heli Virtanen, Helena Leino-Kilpi
18
11. White, Sarah et al. Is Low Birth Weight an Antecedent of CKD in Later Life? A
Systematic Review of Observational Studies, American Journal of Kidney
Diseases, 2009.
12. Pendse S, Singh A, Zawada E. Initiation of Dialysis. In: Handbook of Dialysis.
4th ed. New York, NY; 2008:14-21
13. Brundage D. Renal Disorders. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1992
http://www.kidneyatlas.org/book5/adk5-01.ccc.QXD.pdf Atlas of Diseases of
the Kidney, Volume 5, Principles of Dialysis: Diffusion, Convection, and
Dialysis Machines
14. [ cited 2010 Oct 5]; Available from:
URL: http://www.homedialysis.org/learn/types/
15. Eric Kossoff, Assistant Professor; Division School of Medicine, Department
SOM Neuro Pediatric Neurology, Harriett Lane 2158, The Johns Hopkins
University,
Baltimore,
Maryland.
Phone:
410-955-4259.
E-mail:
[email protected].
16. Niedźwiecka A, Nowicki M, Tkaczyk M.Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital
Research
Institute,
Lódź,
Department
of
Nephrology
and
Dialysis.
[email protected]
17. Mahabeer SA. McMaster University School of Nursing, Faculty of Health
Sciences,
1200
Main
Street
West,
Hamilton,
ON
L8N
3Z5.
[email protected]
18. Noble H. City University, School of Community and Health Sciences, London.
2009 Mar 26-Apr 8;18(6):374-7.
19. Thompson KF, Bhargava J, Bachelder R, Bova-Collis R, Moss AH. Heartland
Kidney Network, Kansas City, MO, USA. Nephrol Nurs J. 2008 SepOct;35(5):461-6, 502; quiz 467-8.
20. Badzek LA, Cline HS, Moss AH, Hines SC. School of Nursing, West Virginia
University, Morgantown, WV, USA. Nephrol Nurs J. 2000 Oct;27(5):462-70;
discussion 471-2.
19
21. Gelmez M, Akçaoglu T. Haemodialysis Unit, Eagen University Hospial,
Dialysis Center, Izmir, Turkey. [email protected] EDTNA ERCA J. 2002
Jan-Mar;28(1):33-5.
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9
Signature of candidate
10
Remarks of the guide
Satisfactory
Mrs. LAVANYA
11
Name and designation of (in block letters
ASST.PROFESSOR
MEDICAL
SURGICAL
NURSING.
11.1 Guide
11.2 Signature
12
12.1 Head of the Department
Mrs. LAVANYA
ASST. PROFESSOR
MEDICAL
SURGICAL
NURSING, SRI LSKSHMI
COLLEGE OF NURSING,
BANGALORE.
12.2 Signature
13.1 Remarks of the Principal
13
13.2 Signature
21