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AGR 3102 PRINCIPLES OF WEED SCIENCE Weeds in Orchards and Plantation Crops Objective: To study the distribution and growth of weed species growing in orchards and plantations Materials Digital camera Note book (for recording) Proper outfit for outdoor activities (boots/sneakers, cap/hat, etc.) Introduction Plantation crops (oil palm, rubber, coconut, cocoa, coffee etc.) and orchard (fruit trees) often compose of perennial and big, tall trees. Plantations and orchards are commonly infested by various weed species throughout the year and present major problems of access and competition. Weeds compete with orchard and plantation crops for light, soil moisture and nutrients and also serve as alternate hosts for insects and pathogens. Therefore, management of weeds is an important cultural operation to be followed in the plantations and orchards. However, in these areas vigorous weed competition are mostly found during the early stages of crops growth, when trees are still young and the canopy has not fully covered the ground. It is at this stage that the weeds can cause a lot of problems, affecting management works etc. Maintenance of groundcovers in the early phase of planting can minimize the weed infestation to a great extent. However, during the first year till the cover crops are fully established, the weeds that are sprouting around the cover crops patches should be controlled for their early establishment. Once the ground cover is established, the weed management operations need be concentrated only on the planting strips. Mulching and circle weeding are also effective in controlling weeds in young orchards and plantations. Weed management in small tree plantation and orchard such as tea, pineapple, watermelon, and dragonfruit, however, is very critical, particularly during the early establishment and post-pruning operation. Since those plants are not as big and tall as other aforementioned plantation/orchard crops, weeds will grow and compete profusely/freely at the time of planting and only become less competence when the crops canopy covers the inter-row spaces adequately. These weeds need to be controlled early to prevent from affecting or competing with the crops. Practical Works Identify and record the weeds from two different localities: plantation and orchard. Take note on the growth of those weeds, associated with the type of crops. The activity is to be done in groups, and submit the report individually. Questions to Answer 1. What type of weeds grow close to the crop, and what types of weed grow at a distance (in between crop rows)? 2. Are there differences in the weed species found in the plantation compared to the ones found in orchard? 3. Which type of grasses, sedges, and broadleaves are more dominant and abundant, and which are less in both localities? AGR 3102 PRINCIPLES OF WEED SCIENCE Weeds in Field Crops Objective: To study the distribution and growth of weed species in the natural habitat of field crop areas Materials Digital camera Note book (for recording) Proper outfit for outdoor activities (boots/sneakers, cap/hat, etc.) Introduction Field crops include maize, peanut, sweet potato, yam, vegetables, and rice. Field crops are among major food crops in Malaysia, providing people of food source for daily consumption. They are grown under several cropping system, thus creating many different situations or habitats for weed growth. This therefore, allows many types of weed species to grow under field crop situations. Weeds in the field and farm are mainly grasses, sedges, and herbaceous broadleaves. These weeds interfere with crops growth and yield through competition on light, water, nutrient, space and canopy, etc. As a result, crop growth will be affected such as being stunted, further adversely effect yield quantity and quality. Practical Works Identify and record the weed species and their nature of growth and composition under different types of cropping system, type of crops, habitat, and crop density. Questions to Answer 1. What are the types of weed species found for each crop/cropping system? 2. Is the weed composition the same when comparing with the previous crops you have visited? 3. What are the common/dominating weed species and weed types for each field crop? AGR 3102 PRINCIPLES OF WEED SCIENCE Landscape and Water Weeds Objective: To study the distribution and growth of weed species growing in landscape and aquatic habitat Materials Digital camera Note book (for recording) Proper outfit for outdoor activities (boots/sneakers, cap/hat, etc.) Introduction Weeds in landscape areas compete for growth and affect the aesthetic value of beauty and scenery. In recreational areas such as sports field, parks and gardens, weeds can also cause discomfort and interfere with recreational activities. Weed management in landscape is often made difficult by the complexity of many plantings: usually more than one species is planted in the landscaped area and there is a mix of annual and perennial ornamentals. There are also considerations regarding public concern about the use of chemicals to control weeds and their effect on water quality if the herbicide moves offsite through runoff. The choice of a specific weed management program depends on the weeds present and the types of turf or ornamentals planted in the area. Because of the many variables, weeds in landscape plantings are usually controlled by a combination of nonchemical and chemical methods. Aquatic plants growing in ponds and lakes are beneficial for fish and wildlife. They provide food, dissolved oxygen, and spawning and nesting habitat for fish and waterfowl. Aquatic plants can trap excessive nutrients and detoxify chemicals. Aquatic wildflowers such as water hyacinth are sold and planted to provide floral beauty to garden ponds. However, dense growths of algae and other water plants can seriously interfere with pond recreation and threaten aquatic life. Invasive aquatic weeds and abundant nutrients have created many aquatic weed control issues for lakes and other water bodies. Water weeds can restrict swimming, boating, fishing, and other water sports. Water weeds can impart unpleasant taste (musty flavor), decaying vegetation emits offensive odors, and algae can discolor pond waters. Decomposing water weeds can deplete the oxygen supply, resulting in sport fish kills from suffocation. Dense plant growths can provide too much cover, preventing predation, and leading to stunted (small-sized) sportfish populations. Over the years, many methods have been developed to control aquatic weeds. Mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical controls are the basic means for aquatic weed control. Practical Works Identify and record the weeds from two different localities: landscape/recreational and water bodies. Take note on the growth of those weeds, associated with the nature. The activity is to be done in groups, and submit the report individually. Questions to Answer 1. What are the types of weed species found in garden landscape, recreational ground and aquatic habitat? 2. Can weeds of landscape areas be the same species as those of aquatic weeds? If yes, which of those area the same, and why? 3. How do these weeds affect the designated areas that you visited? Algae: very primitive plants. Some algae are microscopic (planktonic algae), others are thin and stringy or hair-like (filamentous algae), while still others are large and resemble higher plants but without true leaves, stems and roots. Free floating plants: not attached to the water's bottom, with most have roots which absorb water. The leaves of these plants are firm and remain flat in order to absorb more sunlight. Floating plants come in sizes from very small (duckweed-Lemna minor) to over a foot in diameter (water hyacinth). Marginal plants: also known as shallow water plants, which are found growing around the edges (margins) of water bodies. Many of them grow upright and share the need for consistently moist/muddy soil. Submerged Plants: rooted to the water's floor and most of their vegetation is under water. The leaves of these plants are usually thin and narrow, while their stems are soft or flaccid (lack firmness). Example of submerged plants is Hydrilla spp. Emergent Plants: rooted to the ground of the water but have most of their vegetation above water. These plants need constant exposure to sunlight. The stems of emergent plants are somewhat stiff or firm. Example of emergent plants is water lily.