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Chapter 17 Reconstruction and the New South (18651896) Section 2 Radicals in Control
African Americans’ Rights
•Some whites tried to ____________________ African
Americans (Burning churches and homes)
•Many events happened like this and convinced Radical
Republicans that President Johnson’s Reconstruction
plan was not ____________________ enough
•Fall 1865- Southern states created new governments
based on Johnson’s plan
•Also elected new representatives to Congress
•When the representatives arrived in Washington, D.C.,
Congress refused to ____________________ them
Black Codes
•Early 1866- Southern states passes
____________________ codes
•Laws to control freed men and women
•Allowed plantation owners to
____________________ African American workers
•Also allowed officials to arrest and fine
____________________ African Americans
•Banned African Americans from owning or renting
farms
•To many, the black codes resembled
____________________
Freedmen’s Bureau
•Early 1866- Congress passed a bill giving the
Freedmen’s Bureau new powers
•The Bureau could set up ____________________ and
try people charged with violating the rights of African
Americans
•African Americans could serve on juries in these
courts
•Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866Granted full ________________ to African Americans
•The federal government could also intervene in state
affairs to protect their rights
•Also overturned the black codes
•Also contradicted the 1857 ______________ decision
The Two Bills
•Johnson ____________________ both
•Johnson argued that both the Freedmen’s Bureau bill
and the Civil Rights Act were unconstitutional
•Because they were approved by a Congress that did
not include representatives from all the
____________________
•Republicans in Congress had enough votes to override
both vetoes and the bills became law
•Congress and the President were not working together
•Radical Republicans abandoned the idea of
____________________ and drafted their own
Reconstruction plan
The 14th Amendment
•Fearing the Civil Rights Act might be overturned in
court, Congress passed the 14th Amendment in 1866
(enacted in 1868)
•Granted full citizenship to all born in the United States
•Most African Americans became full _____________
•Gave all ____________________ to African
Americans
•Life, liberty, and property
•Every citizen was entitled to “____________________
protection of the laws”
14th Amendment Continued
•If a state prevented any adult male citizen from voting,
then it could lose representation in ________________
•The amendment also barred former Confederate
____________________ from holding office (unless
pardoned by Congress)
•The 14th Amendment excluded ___________________
•Southern states had to ratify the amendment to rejoin
the Union
•Of the 11 Southern states, only
____________________ ratified it
•It did not take effect until 1868
Republican Victory
•Congressional elections of 1866
•President Johnson campaigned
____________________ Radical Republicans
•Many Northerners objected to the nasty
____________________ of Johnson’s campaign
•Also feared ____________________between whites
and African Americans
•The Republicans won a solid victory, and took
Reconstruction into their own hands
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
•Johnson had no power (overrides)
•Congress passed the First Reconstruction Act and the
Second Reconstruction Act
•The 10 Southern states that didn’t ratify the 14th
Amendment had new governments created
•The 10
states were divided into 5
____________________ districts , each run by a
military commander
•African American men were guaranteed the right to
____________________
•Also banned former Confederate
____________________ from holding public office
•To rejoin the Union, the states had to ratify the 14th
Amendment and submit new state constitutions to
Congress for approval
•Military commanders prepared state constitutional
conventions
Readmitting the States
•Many ____________________ Southerners refused to
vote
•1000s of newly registered African American
____________________ voted
•Republicans gained control of Southern state
governments
•By 1868- ____ states were readmitted (Alabama,
Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina,
and South Carolina)
•By 1870- Mississippi, Virginia, and Texas were
restored to the Union
President Johnson
•Johnson opposed Radical Reconstruction
•Johnson used his power of commander in chief of the
army to direct the military __________________
•Congress passed laws to ________ the presidents
power, such as the Tenure of Office Act
•This Act prohibited the president from removing
government officials, including members of his own
cabinet, without the Senate’s approval
•Conflict between Johnson and the Radicals grew more
intense
Johnson and the Radicals
•August 1867- Congress was not in session
•Johnson suspended Secretary of War Edwin Stanton
without the Senate’s ____________________
•Congress met again and refused to approve the
suspension, Johnson ____________ Stanton from office
•This ___________________the Tenure of Office Act
•Johnson also appointed people the Radical
Republicans opposed to command some of the
Southern military districts
Impeaching the President
•Outraged by Johnson’s actions, the House of
Representatives voted to ____________________ the
president
•Formally ____________________ him of
wrongdoings
•1868- the case went to the Senate for a trial that lasted
almost 3 months
•Both sides made their arguments
•The senators failed to achieve the ___________
majority required for conviction (1 vote)
•As a result, Johnson stayed in office until the end of
1869
Election of 1868
•The Republicans nominated Ulysses S.
____________________, the Civil War hero
•The ___________________ chose Horatio Seymour
•Grant won most of the African American votes in the
South and won the presidency
•This election showed that ____________________
supported the Republican approach to Reconstruction
15th Amendment
•1869- Congress passed the 15th Amendment
•Prohibited state and federal governments from denying
the right to vote to any ____________________ citizen
•Because of “race, color, or previous condition of
____________________”
•African American men won the right to vote in 1870
•Republicans believed the power of the vote would
enable African Americans to ____________________
themselves
•This belief was too ____________________
Essential Question
What were the results of Radical Reconstruction?
-African Americans gained full
____________________ with the rights due all
citizens, although protecting these rights proved
difficult
-African American men gained the right to
____________________
-African American voters, combined with the refusal of
many white Southerners to vote, put
____________________ in control of Southern state
governments
-By 1870 all of the Southern states had met the
requirements under Radical Reconstruction and were
restored to the ____________________