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Guidelines for preparing parts of speech Separate contractions into two separate words and label accordingly: o "we're" → "we are" [PN] [VB] o "shouldn't" → "should not" [AXV][RB] o "Carl's running" → "Carl is running" [NNP][AXV][VBG] Words ending in ['s]: possessives versus plurals o If it is a possessive, separate into two tokens; the word and "$". The "$" token indicates a possessive form for the word preceding it; e.g., "Rakim's record" → "Rakim $ record" [NNP][$][NN] o If it is a plural noun, label it a plural noun; e.g., "The 1970's" → [AT] [NNS] o Possessive pronoun, like “his” or “my”, becomes “[NNP] $” o Words ending [']: These are almost exclusively possessives. Separate them into the word and "$"; e.g., "passengers' luggage → "passengers $ luggage" [NNP][$][NN] Acronyms: Make these into a single token. They will usually be proper nouns. o "E. P. M. D." → "EPMD" [NNP] o "U. S. A." → "USA" [NNP] Noun Group NN NNS Type Singular noun Plural noun NNP Proper noun NNPS Proper Plural Noun PN Adjective Group JJ AT JJV DT Verb Group VB VBD VBG AVX INF Others RB CC IN Examples Apple, city, man, fish, car apples, cities, men, fish, cars USA, March, Paul, New York (label as [NNP][NNP]) Germans, Kennedys, 1970's or 1970s Pronoun It, I, she, themselves, ours, mine Type Examples Adjective five cents, quick man, largest tree Article the, a, an Verb acting as an adjective Striped shirt, stinking (ex. gerunds) badges Determiner This chair, each man, another win, that dog Type Examples Verb Investigate, find, act, deserves, expects, expect Past tense (preterit or past Said, conducted, charged, participle) took Present participle (usually Modernizing, improving, ends in "ing") purchasing Auxiliary or helping verbs Was resting, might decide, has given The word "to" when used to To think make a verb infinitive Type Examples Adverb Quickly, earlier, only, not, newly, outright Conjunction And, or, but, neither, that, as, which, until Preposition Of, in, for, to, by, considering, among