Download Subterm 2 Review

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Subterm 2 Final Review Guide
*** This review guide is only some of what you should know for the final. Make sure you study ALL of your
notes and any diagrams that are appropriate (Pedigrees, Punnett squares, Meiosis steps, evolution graphs…)
Chapter 11
1.
What are chromosomes made of?
2.
When are chromosomes visible in a cell?
3.
Draw and label: chromosome, sister chromatids, and the centromere. 
4.
Why are sister chromatids identical?
5.
What is the job of the spindle fibers?
6.
What are centrioles?
7.
What are centromeres?
Picture here:
Know ALL the steps of Meiosis!
8.
9.
What is the product of meiosis?
What is the difference between meiosis I and meiosis II?
10. How is meiosis different that mitosis?
11.
What is a “diploid cell” vs. a “haploid cell”?
12.
What is the diploid chromosome number in humans? _________ The haploid number? _________
13. Cross two plants that are heterozygous for green pods. List all possible offspring. (Hint: green pod color is
dominant over yellow pod color). (make a key)
14. Define homozygous and heterozygous.
15. Define phenotype and genotype.
16. Describe the ideas/work of Gregor Mendel (what are his laws?).
20.
21.
17.
Differentiate between a hybrid organism and a true breeding organism in terms of genotype.
18.
What is a gene?.
19.
What is a trait?
What is a homologous pair of chromosomes and when do they separate (mitosis or meiosis? And which step?)
What does a punnett square tell you?
Chapter 12
22. Who is credited with the discovery of the structure of DNA?___________ What was the date?___________What
did they win as a result of their work? ___________________
23. Who was researching the structure of DNA by using crystallography?______________________
24. Explain the difference between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase.
25.
Compare DNA to RNA.
26. Draw and label the parts of a nucleotide of DNA.
27. What makes up the “BACKBONE” of DNA
28. What makes up the “steps of the ladder” in a DNA molecule
29.
Where does DNA replication occur?___________________________________________
30.
What is the product of DNA replication?____________________________________
31.
Where does transcription occur? _______________________________________________-
32.
What is the product of transcription? __________________________________________
33. Where does translation occur? __________________________________________________
34.
What is the product of translation?______________________________________________________
35.
What are the “base pairing rules”?___________________________________________________
36.
What holds the DNA strands together?
37.
What is a codon?
38.
The following is the base sequence of an original strand of DNA: A A T G C C A G T G G T T C G C A C
a) Write the base sequence of the complementary DNA strand.
b) Write the base sequence of the strand of mRNA transcribed from the above DNA strand.
c) What protein (amino acid sequence) would this mRNA code for?
39.Genes provide the instructions for making macromolecule?__________________
40. What causes DNA mutations?
Chapter 14
41. What is the difference between a pedigree and a karyotype?
42. What is shown in a karyotype?
35.
37.
How many chromosomes are in a normal human cell? 46
In a normal human gamete? ________
A normal human gamete contains 1 sex chromosome (either X or Y) and ________ autosome(s).
36. What is the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes?
39. What are homologous chromosomes?
40. A female egg cell would carry _______ X chromosomes and _______ Y chromosomes.
41. How is Cystic Fibrosis inherited? Huntington’s Disease?
42. Give two examples of sex-linked traits.
***Be able to interpret a pedigree! Review your notes / worksheets from
Ch. 14!!!
43. What is gene therapy?
44. What is nondisjunction? List two disorders that can result from nondisjunction.
45. An X-linked recessive gene produces red-green colorblindness in humans. (look up colorblindness in your notes;
make a key)
a) A normal woman who’s father was color blind marries a color blind man. What percentage of their children
will be colorblind? (Do the cross to find out)
b) A normal man who’s father was colorblind marries a normal woman who is a carrier for the color-blind
allele. What percentage of their children will be colorblind? (Do the cross to find out)
Evolution
46. What were Lamarck’s two main ideas?
47.
Who was Thomas Malthus and how did he impact Darwin?
48. Who was Lyell and how did he influence Darwin?
49. Who was Hutton and how did he influence Darwin?
50. What did Darwin learn from plant and animal breeders?
51. What is the difference between an adaptation, variation, and fitness?
52. What is the founder effect?
53. What is genetic drift?
54. List the 5 things that are evidence for evolution and define each one!.
55. What is artificial selection (selective breeding)?
56. Differentiate between analogous, homologous, and vestigial structures and give an example of each.
57.
58.
59.
The key idea behind natural selection is that individuals with advantageous variations will
A.
be less successful in their environment
B.
be more successful at survival and reproduction
C.
be physically stronger
D.
undergo new mutations
What is Darwin’s “common descent”?
According to Darwin, evolution acts on a(n)
A.
ecosystem
B.
C.
individual
D.
community of organisms
population
60.
What is the difference between radioactive dating and relative dating?
61.
What is a fossil and how are they formed?
62.
In a rock column, the fossils in the upper layers must be the
A. oldest
B. youngest
C. best preserved
63.
What is habitat isolation? (give an example)
64.
What is temporal isolation? (give an example)
65.
What is behavioral isolation? (give an example)
66.
What is reproductive isolation?
D. least preserved
67. What is geographical isolation?
68.
Summarize Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection (look in your book or the sheet I printed for you)
69.
70.
Common cells (same clump-blastula) growing in similar patterns in many different organisms produce
A.
homologous structures such as the bones of birds wings and human arms
B.
analogous structures such as a bird’s wing and a butterfly’s wing
C.
vestigial organs such as reduced tails
D.
different limb types specialized for a single function
Starfish larvae resemble some primitive vertebrate (organism with a backbone) larvae. This similarity
may be used to suggest that primitive vertebrates
A.
share a common ancestor with starfish
B.
evolved from modern-day starfish
C.
evolved before starfish
D.
belong to the same population as starfish
For questions 86-92. Answer True or False. If the answer is false, what needs to be changed to make it correct?
(correct the statement).
71.
Camouflage is an example of natural variation found within a population. ____________
72.
A theory is an educated guess without much evidence. ___________
73.
Natural selection results in changes in the inherited characteristics (adaptations) of a population. ______
74.
The environment creates the favorable variations that can be found within a population. ________
75.
Individuals of different species can share the same gene pool. ________
76.
Natural selection edits individuals in a population. __________
77.
A species is a group of individuals that reproduce but do NOT produce fertile offspring. _____
78.
What was the question that John Endler was asking with regards to his guppy work?
79.
What was his hypothesis based on his guppy observations in South America?
80.
Draw and describe Endler’s pond experiment:
81
What was the result of his experiments for low predation and high predation?
(look in lecture notes)
Low Predation
High Predation
82.
What was the overall conclusion based on his findings in the lab (how does it relate to natural selection?)?
83.
What two hypotheses did the Grant’s test using the medium ground finch? (discuss how they tested each one
pg. 407).
84.
What was their conclusion? (pg. 407 under rapid evolution)
85.
List and summarize the 6 steps involved in the formation of a new species. (pg. 408-409).
BIOLOGY-CP Subterm 2 Final: Study Guide “MAIN TOPICS”
STUDY HINTS (so, where do I start.... ???)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Re-read or at least scan over each section to remind yourself of the big ideas. Spend more time on topics that you
are not quite clear on or that you struggled with the first time through.
Study key diagrams (in NOTES and Textbook and try to explain concepts and processes that are illustrated to
another person (i.e. out loud, like you are teaching them something).
Review all class notes given by the teacher. Try to highlight main ideas.
Go over review guides
As you review each Unit, keep a piece of paper nearby and write down things you need help on.
Text Sections:
Main Topics-
Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics
> The Work of Gregor Mendel
-Mendel's pea plant experiments
-dominant / recessive alleles
-genotype / phenotype
-homozygous / heterozygous
-Punnett Square problems
-monohybrid / dihybrid crosses
> Meiosis
-chromosomes (structure, number)
-diploid / haploid
-phases of meiosis
-crossing over
-formation of gametes
Chapter 12: DNA and RNA
> Structure of DNA
-shape
-components of a nucleotide
-bases and base pairing rules
-DNA replication
-scientists who discovered structure
> RNA
-mRNA vs. tRNA vs. rRNA
-how RNA is different from DNA
-structure of RNA
> Protein Synthesis
-transcription
-translation
-genetic code (for amino acids)
-codons vs. anticodons
-role of the ribosome (rRNA)
-where each process occurs
Chapter 14: The Human Genome
> Chromosomes & Heredity
-autosomes / sex chromosomes
> Regulation of Gene Expression
-incomplete dominance
-codominance
-polygenic inheritance
> Sex Linked Traits
-X and Y chromosomes
-sex-linked genes & disorders
PEDIGREES AND SEX LINKED CROSSES
> Diagnosis of Genetic Disorders
-chromosomal abnormalities
- amniocentesis & karyotype
-genetic diseases
Evolution
> The Age of the Earth -fossils
-radioactive dating/ half life
-relative dating
>
Evidence for Evolution
 Fossils/Biogeography
 Evidence from Living Organisms
-embryonic development
-homologous structures
-vestigial organs
> Darwin: Natural Selection
-ideas that influenced Darwin (Lamark + all
the others!!!)
-survival of the fittest
-Endler’s Guppy Example (know it)
-The Grant’s work on the Galapagos finches!!!
(pg. 404-410)
-genetic definition of species
-speciation (what are the isolating
mechanisms???????)