Download Ch 37: Circulatory and Respiratory System

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Ch 37: Circulatory and Respiratory System
37-1 The Circulatory System
A. Functions of the Circulatory System
The human circulatory system consists of the heart, a series of blood vessels, and the blood that
flows through them.
1. The circulatory system and respiratory system work together to supply cells with the nutrients
and oxygen they need to stay alive.
B. The Heart
1. The heart is located near the center of the chest
2. Myocardium- thick middle muscle layer of the heart; pumps blood through the circulatory
system.
3. Pericardium- a protective sac of tissue that encloses the heart.
4. Septum- divides the right side of the heart from the left and prevents the mixing of oxygen-poor
and oxygen-rich blood
Label the following.
- superior vena cava:
- inferior vena cava
- pulmonary vein
- pulmonary arteries
- aortic valve
- pulmonary valve
- mitral valve
- tricuspid valve
- septum
- aorta
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Structure of the
Heart
Superior vena cava
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Function
Pulmonary arteries
Bring oxygen poor blood to the heart from the upper body (to Rt.
Atrium)
Bring oxygen poor blood to the heart from the lower body (to Rt.
Atrium)
Brings oxygen poor blood to the left or right lung
Pulmonary veins
Bring oxygen rich blood from each lung to the Left Atrium
Aorta
Bring oxygen rich blood to the entire body
Inferior vena cava
5. The heart has four chambers—two atria and two ventricles.
a. Atrium- upper chamber, which receives the blood.
b. Ventricle- lower chamber, which pumps blood out of the heart.
6. Valves- flaps of connective tissue between the atria and the ventricles.
Follow the prompts to identify parts of the human heart.
Color the left atrium orange
Color the left ventricle red
Color the right atrium yellow
Color the right ventricle blue
~ A valve is located between the right atrium and the right
ventricle. That is the role of valves in the heart?
~ Blood enters from the ______________________
~ Blood leaves from the ______________________
C. Circulation Through the Body
1. The heart functions as two separate pumps.
a. Pulmonary Circulation- one pathway circulates blood between the heart and the lungs.
i. The right side of the heart pumps blood from the heart to the lungs where carbon
dioxide is dropped off and oxygen is picked up.
b. Systemic Circulation- second pathway circulates blood between the heart and the rest of
the body.
i. After returning from the lungs, the oxygen-rich blood is pumped to the rest of
the body by the aorta.
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 Draw arrows to show how blood
moves through the circulatory
system.
Color the oxygen-poor vessels blue
Color the oxygen-rich vessels red
~ Is the blood flowing through
the oxygen-poor vessels actually
blue?
D. Heartbeat
1. Each contraction begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrium.
2. Pacemaker- these cells start the wave of muscle contraction through the heart.
3. The impulse spreads from the pacemaker (SA node) to a network of fibers in the atria.
4. The impulse is picked up by a bundle of fibers called the atrioventricular (AV) node and carried
to the network of fibers in the ventricles.
5. When the network in the atria contracts, blood in the atria flows into the ventricles.
6. When the ventricles contract, blood flows out of the heart.
E. Blood Vessels
As blood flows through the circulatory system, it moves through three types of blood vesselsarteries, capillaries, and veins.
1. Arteries- large vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues of the body.
a. Carry oxygen-rich blood (except for the pulmonary arteries)
b. Arteries have thick walls.
c. They contain connective tissue, smooth muscle, and endothelium.
2. Capillaries - smallest of the blood vessels.
a. Walls are only one cell thick, and most are narrow.
b. Bring nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and absorb carbon dioxide and other waste
products from them.
3. Veins- blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
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a. Have thinner walls than arteries.
b. The walls contain connective tissue and smooth muscle.
c. Large veins contain valves that keep blood moving toward the heart
F. Blood Pressure
1. When the heart contracts, it produces a wave of fluid pressure in the arteries.
2. Blood pressure- the force of the blood on the arteries’ walls
3. Blood pressure keeps blood flowing through the body.
4. Blood pressure is measured with a sphygmomanometer.
5. A typical blood pressure for a healthy person is 120/80.
G. Diseases of the circulatory system
1. Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of death and disability in the U.S.
2. Atherosclerosis- a condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of
the arteries.
3. High blood pressure- a sustained elevated blood pressure of 140/90 or higher.
4. If one of the coronary arteries becomes blocked, part of the heart muscle may begin to die from
a lack of oxygen.
a. If enough heart muscle is damaged, a heart attack occurs.
b. If a blood clot gets stuck in a blood vessel leading to the brain, a stroke occurs.
c. Brain cells die and brain function in that region may be lost.
5. Ways of avoiding cardiovascular disease include:
a. getting regular exercise.
b. eating a balanced diet.
c. avoiding smoking.
37-2 Blood and Lymphatic System
A. Blood
1. They human body contains 8 to 6 liters of blood which is
about 8% of the total mass of the body.
2. Blood
a. Is a type of connective tissue that contains both
dissolved substances and specialized cells.
b. regulates body temperature and pH.
c. Protects the body from disease.
d. Can clot to repair damaged blood vessels.
3. Plasma- a watery fluid that makes up 55% of blood
a. Proteins in plasma help clot blood and fight
infections.
b. Blood Cells Plasma is 90% water and 10%
dissolved gases, salts, nutrients, enzymes,
hormones, waste products, and plasma proteins.
B. Blood Cells
1.
Red blood cells (RBC) – carry oxygen
a. Have no nuclei.
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b.
c.
d.
e.
Are produced in red bone marrow.
Most numerous cells in the blood
Live for about 120 days.
Hemoglobin- a protein on a RBC that binds to oxygen and carries it throughout the
body.
2. White blood cells (WBC) – guard against infection, fight parasites, and attack bacteria.
a. Are produced in bone marrow.
b. May live for days, months, or years.
c. Some white blood cells release histamines.
i. Histamines increase blood flow into the affected area, producing redness and
swelling.
d. There are many types of WBCs
i. Phagocytes- engulf and digest bacteria and other disease-causing
microorganisms.
ii. Lymphocytes- make antibodies
1. Antibodies- proteins that help fight infection
3.
Blood clotting is made possible by plasma proteins and platelets.
a. Platelets- cell fragments that cluster around a wound and release proteins called clotting
factors, leading to a formation of a clot.
b. Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that results from a defective protein in the clotting
pathway.
 Blood clot formation
When a blood vessel is injured, platelets release
proteins that start a series of chemical reactions.
These reactions lead to the formation of filaments
called fibrin. The fibrin forms a clot that stops the
bleeding.
Color the red blood cells in the diagram red.
Color the platelets blue.
Color the fibrin yellow.
1. In step 2, that is clumped at the site of the injury?
Circle the correct answer.
Platelets
Fibrin
2. Why is it important for blood to form clots?
3. What is the main role of platelets in blood
clotting?
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Analyzing Data, p. 954
Although the first successful transfusions of
human blood were carrid out in the 1820s, many
recipients had severe reactions to the transfused
blood, and several died. Today we know why.
We inherit one of four blood types- A, B, AB, or
O- which are determined by antigens on our blood
cells. Antigens are substances that trigger an
immune response. People with blood type A have
A antigens on their cells, those with blood type B
have B antigens, those with AB blood have both A
and B antigens, and those with type O have neither
A nor B antigens.
When blood types match, the transfusion is successful. However, transfusions are successful in some cases even
when the blood types of the donor and the recipient do not match. Use the table to answer the questions that
follow.
1. Which blood type is sometimes referred to as the “universal donor”?
2. Which is known as the “universal recipient”?
3. In a transfusion involving the A and O blood types, does it make a difference which blood type belongs to the
recipient and which to the donor?
C. The Lymphatic System
A network of vessels, nodes, and organs called the lymphatic system collects the fluid that is lost by
the blood and returns it back to the circulatory system.
1. Lymph- fluid lost by the blood into surrounding tissue
2. Lymph vessels- carry the lymphatic fluid throughout the body.
a. Lymph vessels absorb nutrients from the intestines
b. Return excess fluid to the circulatory system via the superior vena cava.
3. Lymph nodes- act as filters and produce certain WBCs that protect body cells.
4. Edema- a swelling of the tissues due to the accumulation of excess fluid can occur when lymphatic
vessels are blocked.
5. Spleen- helps clean the blood and remove damaged blood cells; also has phagocytes that destroy
bacteria
6. Thymus- lymphocytes mature in this gland before they can function in the immune system
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Color the lymphatic system. Then label the: thymus, spleen,
lymph node and a lymphatic vessel
~ what happens when large numbers of pathogens are trapped
in lymph nodes?
~ How are the lymphatic and circulatory system related?
~ Why do people with malaria or sickle cell anemia often have
enlarged spleens?
37-3 The Respiratory System
A. The Human Respiratory System
The basic function preformed by the human respiratory system is remarkably simple- to bring about
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood, the air, and tissues.
1. Pharynx- muscular tube at the end of the throat that connects the mouth with the rest of the
digestive tract and serves as a pathway for air and food.
2. Trachea- windpipe; tube through which air moves
3. Epiglottis- flap of tissue that covers the entrance to the trachea when you swallow
4. Cilia- small hairs lining the entrance to the nasal cavity that trap dust particles.
5. Mucus- moistens the air and traps inhaled particles.
6. Larynx- contains two highly elastic folds of tissue known as the vocal cords.
7. Bronchi/bronchus- two large passageways in the chest cavity that lead into one of the lungs.
a. Bronchioles- smaller passageways in the lungs
8. Alveoli/alveolus- tiny air sacs
Label the following parts of the
respiratory system:
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Diaphragm
Larynx
Lung
Mouth
Nose
Pharynx
Trachea
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B. Gas Exchange
1. There are 150 million alveoli in each healthy lung, providing a large surface area for gas
exchange
2. Capillaries surround each alveolus
3. Oxygen crosses the thin capillary walls from the alveolus into the blood.
4. Carbon dioxide in the blood crosses in the opposite direction into the alveolus.
Color the areas containing oxygen-poor blood blue
Color the areas containing oxygen-rich blood red
Color the areas in which gas exchange takes place purple
~ What diffuses from red blood cells into the alveoli?
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
~ Where is oxygen more concentrated, in an alveolus or in a
capillary?
C. Breathing
1. Breathing- the movement of air into and out of the lungs
2. Diaphragm- located at the bottom of the chest cavity; is a
large flat muscle.
When you breathe in the diaphragm contracts and the ribcage
rises up.
 Fill out the diagram with the following:
- draw ↑ or ↓ showing if the diaphragm is rising or lowering
- air exhaled
- air inhaled
- rib cage rises
- rib cage lowers
D. How is Breathing Controlled
1. Breathing is controlled by the medulla oblongata.
2. The medulla oblongata monitors carbon dioxide in the
blood.
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3. As carbon dioxide increases, nerve impulses make the diaphragm contract, bringing air into the
lungs.
4. The higher the carbon dioxide level, the stronger the impulses.
E. Tobacco and the Respiratory System
1. Tobacco smoke contains three dangerous substances that affect the body:
a. nicotine- a stimulant that increases heart rate and blood pressure and paralyze the cilia.
b. carbon monoxide- poisonous gas that blocks the transport of oxygen by hemoglobin in
the blood and paralyze the cilia.
c. tar- contains compounds that are known to cause cancer.
d. forty-three of the almost four thousand chemicals in tobacco are cancer causing. The
most dangerous compounds are tar, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen
cyanide, metals, ammonia, and radioactive compounds.
2. Smoking reduces life expectancy.
F. Diseases Caused by Smoking
Smoking can cause such respiratory diseases as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer.
1. Chronic bronchitis- the bronchi become swollen and clogged with mucus.
2. Emphysema- the loss of elasticity in lung tissues.
a. People with emphysema cannot get enough oxygen to the body tissues or rid the body
of excess carbon dioxide.
3. Smoking is a preventable cause of lung cancer.
4. Lung cancer is deadly because its cells can spread to other locations.
5. Smoking is also a major cause of heart disease.
G. Smoking and the Nonsmoker
1. Passive smoking is damaging to young children because their lungs are still developing.
2. Studies show that children of smokers are twice as likely as children of nonsmokers to develop
respiratory problems.
3. The best way to avoid tobacco-related illness is not to smoke.
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