Download Ch. 17 Civil War 1861-1865 Sec. 1 The Conflict Takes Shape Issues

Ch. 17 Civil War 1861-1865
Sec. 1 The Conflict Takes Shape
Issues That Divided the Nation:
Strengths and Weaknesses of the North and the South
Northern Strengths
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The North had a large __________ to call on for ______ production and _________ service.
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The ______ had most of the nation’s factories. Before the war, they produced more than __
percent of the nation’s manufactured goods.
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The North had a strong _____ and a large fleet of merchant ships.
Southern Strengths
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Defending their homeland and way of life gave white _________ a strong reason to fight.
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________ soldiers knew the southern countryside.
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Southern _______ helped the Confederate forces.
Strengths and Weaknesses of the North and the South
Northern Weaknesses
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________ soldiers had to conquer a huge area. Instead of defending their homes, they were
invading unfamiliar land.
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_______ supply lines had to stretch out much farther than Confederate ones.
Southern Weaknesses
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The South had ____ factories to _______ weapons and other supplies.
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The South had few ________ to move troops and supplies. Many rail lines did not _________
to a railroad network.
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The Confederate constitution favored states’ ________ and limited the central government.
Sometimes, this made it difficult to get things done.
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The South had a small _________ compared to the North. As a result, the South did not have
_________ people to support the war effort.
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The South had few ships.
The War’s Leaders
Sec. 2 No Easy Victory
Strategies for Winning the War
Union plans
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Use the ______ to blockade southern ports.
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In the ______, seize the Confederate capital—Richmond, Virginia.
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In the _____, seize control of the ________ River. This would keep the Confederates from
using the river to supply troops, and it would also separate Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana
from the rest of the Confederacy.
Confederate plans
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Fight a defensive war until _________ tired of fighting and gave up.
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Use European ______ and ________ to help fight the war. Southerners expected Europeans to
recognize the Confederacy as an independent nation.
Early Encounters End Hopes for A Quick End to War
Confederate Victories in the East
Union Victories in the West
Sec. 3 A Promise of Freedom
Lincoln’s Goal in the War
“If I could save the ________ without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing
all the _______, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would
also do that.”
—Abraham Lincoln, August __, 1862,
quoted in Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln
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The Emancipation Proclamation
What was the Emancipation Proclamation?
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Abraham Lincoln decided to e________, or f_____, enslaved African Americans living in the
Confederacy. On January 1, 18__, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, the formal
declaration that freed slaves in the C_______, but not in slave states that remained with the
Union or in Confederate lands that had been captured by the Union.
Why did Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation?
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Emancipation would w_______ the Confederacy’s ability to carry on the war.
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He hoped to introduce the idea of emancipation slowly, by limiting it to territory controlled by
the Confederacy. He expected to introduce the idea of e_________ in other areas later.
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The E_________ Proclamation
What impact did the Emancipation Proclamation have?
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The d________ changed the purpose of the war. Now, U_____ troops were fighting to end
slavery as well as to save the Union.
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Southerners were a________. They saw the declaration as a “fiend’s act” to destroy their
property.
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Europeans were sympathetic to the p_________. Now they were less likely to side with the
South.
African American Contributions in the War
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Free African Americans and escaped s_______ enlisted in the Union army.
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At first b_____ troops served only as laborers, building roads and guarding supplies.
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By 18__, African American troops were fighting in major battles. One of the most famous
African American units was the __th M________ Regiment. In 1863, this regiment led an
attack on Fort Wagner near Charleston, South Carolina. Under heavy fire, they fought their
way into the fort before they were forced to retreat. The bravery of these soldiers helped win
respect for A_______ American soldiers.
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Behind Confederate lines, many e_______ African Americans slowed down work or refused to
work at all.
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Wherever a Union army appeared, s_____ from all over the area would cross the Union lines
to freedom. By the end of the w__, about one fourth of the South’s enslaved population had
escaped.
Sec. 4 Hardships of War
The Hard Life of Soldiers
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Most soldiers were under the age of __. As the death toll rose, the South drafted boys as
young as __ and men as old as __.
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New _________ added to the horror of war. In most battles, one fourth or more of the
soldiers were killed or wounded.
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Medical care on the battlefield was crude. Surgeons routinely ________injured arms and legs.
Sanitary conditions were _____, and nothing was known about germs or how wounds became
infected.
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Diseases like p______ and m_______ killed more men than guns or cannons.
Problems at Home in the North
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Some northerners opposed using force to keep the South in the Union. Supporters of the war
called these people Copperheads, after the poisonous snake.
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There was a shortage of volunteers to serve in the army. Some men took money to enlist in
the army, then deserted.
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In 18__, Congress passed a d______ law, a law requiring all able-bodied males between ages
__ and __ to serve in the military if they were called. Opposition to the draft law led to
r_____.
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President L______ moved to stop the riots and other “d_______ practices.” Several times, he
suspended habeas corpus, the right to be charged or have a hearing before being jailed. The
President also said that those arrested could be tried under the stricter rules of a military
court.
Problems at Home in the South
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Many southerners firmly believed in s_____ rights. They resisted paying t______ to a central
government, so the government could not collect enough money to pay for the war.
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Like the North, the S_____ was forced to pass a draft law to fill its army.
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Near the end of the war, the South no longer had enough white men to fill the ranks.
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The Confederate congress reluctantly agrees to let enslaved A______ Americans serve. The
war ends before this can take place.
How the War Affected the Southern Economy
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I______ tax—To pay for the war, Congress established the nation’s first income tax, or tax on
people’s earnings, in 18__. A new agency, the Internal Revenue Bureau, oversaw the
collection of taxes.
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I_______—The Union issued millions of dollars worth of bonds. When taxes and bonds did not
raise enough money, the North printed more than $____ million in paper money. As the
money supply increased, each dollar became worth less. In response, businesses raised their
prices. The N____ experienced inflation, a rise in prices and a decrease in the value of money.
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Increased farm p________—With so many farmers going off to war, the demand rose for farm
machines to plant and harvest crops. Farm production actually went up.
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I________ industrial profits—Wartime demand for clothing, shoes, guns, and other goods
helped many northern industries. Some manufacturers made fortunes by profiteering.
Profiteers charged excessive prices for desperately needed war goods.
How the War Affected the Northern Economy
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Income tax—To raise money, the C_________ imposed an income tax and a tax-in-kind. The
tax-in-kind required farmers to turn over one tenth of their crops to the government.
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Inflation—The S______ printed so much paper money that wild inflation set in.
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Loss of the cotton trade—The war damaged the cotton trade. President Davis stopped the
South’s cotton trade with B______. He was hoping to force Britain to side with the South in
return for cotton. Britain, however, just bought its cotton from Egypt and India instead.
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Severe s_______—The Union b_____ created severe shortages of goods from overseas. The
South began to build and run its own factories. The blockade also brought food shortages.
Many plantations switched from growing cotton to raising grain and livestock.
Women in the War
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With so many men gone to war, women took jobs in industry and on farms.
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Women’s aid societies helped supply the troops with food, bedding, clothing, and medicine.
Women held fundraisers to pay for war supplies.
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Women worked as nurses. D________ Dix and Clara B______ became nurses for the Union
army. Sojourner T______ worked in Union hospitals. Sally T________ set up a Confederate
hospital.
Sec. 5 The War Ends
The Union Victory at Vicksburg
The Union Victory at Gettysburg
The Gettysburg Address
“We here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this n____, under God, shall
have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall
not perish from the earth.”
—Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 19, 18__
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Grant’s Plan for Ending the War
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Destroy the South’s ability to fight by waging total war, a kind of warfare in which an army
destroys everything that might be useful to the enemy, such as food and equipment.
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Grant sent General Philip S____ and his cavalry into the rich farmland of Virginia’s
Shenandoah Valley. Sheridan destroyed farms, livestock, and barns filled with grain.
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G____ ordered General William Tecumseh S_______ to capture A______, G____, then march
to the Atlantic coast. Sherman burned a large part of Atlanta. Then, Sherman’s army began its
“march to the sea,” destroying everything in its path—railroad tracks, livestock, fields, barns,
homes, bridges, and factories.
Lincoln’s Hopes for the Union
“With malice toward none, with charity for all . . . let us strive . . . to bind up the nation’s
wounds . . . to do all which may achieve a just and a lasting peace among ourselves and with
all nations.”
—Abraham Lincoln,
Second Inaugural Address
The Civil War Ends
L___ and his army were trapped by Union troops at the small Virginia town of Appomattox
C____ House. He knew his troops would be slaughtered if he kept fighting. On April 9, 18___, Lee
surrendered to Grant.
G_____ offered generous terms of surrender.
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Soldiers were required to turn over their rifles, but officers were allowed to keep their
pistols.
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Soldiers who had h____ could keep them.
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Grant ordered that “each officer and man will be allowed to return to his home, not to
be disturbed by the United States authorities.”
The Civil War—A Turning Point in American History
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The toll of the C____ War was immense. To this day no war has resulted in more American
deaths. The economic cost of the Civil War was huge—more than __ times the entire amount
spent by the federal government between 17__ and 1861.
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The balance of power was changed. The D______ party lost its influence. The Republican party
grew stronger.
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No longer would Americans speak of the nation as a confederation of states. People began to
think of the United States as one nation, instead of many states.
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The power of the f_______ government grew.
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The war put an end to slavery in the United States. Millions of A______ Americans gained
their freedom.
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Other Americans began to think about what it meant to be f____ and e_____.