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CHAPTER 3 Activity solutions 3.1 The Tick 1 What does the Tick mean? What information does the Tick provide to consumers about healthy eating? The Tick means that a food is a healthier choice than a similar food product. It tells consumers that that food item is a healthier choice compared to similar food items and contains less bad things such as saturated fat and salt and more nutrients such as fibre. 2 Explain how the Tick is making foods healthier. It encourages manufactures to produce foods that meet the nutrition guidelines of the Tick program. 3 Explain how foods are able to earn the Tick. Foods can earn the Tick by being a healthier option than another food in the same category. Foods need to meet requirements for levels of saturated fat, trans fats, kilojoules, salt, fibre, calcium and serve size. 4 Why is there a cost associated with the Tick? Food companies with eligible Tick products pay a licence fee to cover the costs of running the Tick program. 5 Why do you think that the Heart Foundation might be concerned about ‘copycat ticks’ on food items? The Heart Foundation may be concerned about copycat ticks as they could mislead consumers, making them think they are making a healthier food choice when they are not. Cambridge University Press © Goodacre, Collins, Slattery 2014 1 3.2 Cancer incidence 1 Using Figure 3.6, identify the three most common cancers diagnosed in 2008, including the incidence of each. The most common cancer diagnosed in 2008 was prostate (20 750 new cases), followed by bowel (14 225 new cases) and breast (13 680). 2 Using Figure 3.7, identify the three types of cancer that had the highest mortality rates in 2009. Include the mortality rate for each cancer identified. Lung cancer caused the most deaths (7786) in 2009 followed by bowel (4004) and prostate (3111). 3 Identify two trends in Figure 3.8. Student response will vary. Two trends were: 4 • From 1968 to 2009, males experienced a higher rate of cancer. • Both male and female rates of cancer have dropped from 1968 to 2009. Explain a possible reason for one of these trends. As methods for detecting and preventing cancer have improved since so have the number of people surviving cancer. 3.3. Preventing injury to Australia’s youth 1 Investigate some of the safety initiatives that are targeted specifically at keeping youth safe on Victorian roads (e.g. changes for learner and probationary drivers and school speed limits). Answers should be based on the following initiatives targeted specifically at keeping youth safe on Victorian roads: • Learner drivers under 21 must have at least 120 hours driving experience, including 10 hours at night. Cambridge University Press © Goodacre, Collins, Slattery 2014 2 • Must have held a learner permit for at least 12 months before applying for a probationary license test. • Must carry learner permit while driving. • P1 drivers under 21 will not be allowed to carry more than one passenger aged 16–21. • No mobile phone use or any messaging of any kind. • A two-stage probationary license system with a P1 license for the first 12 months, then a P2 license for three years. • Drivers over 21 when first licensed will skip the P1 period. • A poor driving record will extend the P1 or P2 license by six months. • P1 drivers are not permitted to tow except for work or when under instruction • Drink drivers – For drivers aged under 26 and probationary drivers all drink driving offenders will have to fit an alcohol ignition interlock after regaining their licence, for a minimum of six months. • High powered vehicle restrictions will prevent probationary drivers from driving vehicles with: 2 1 Engines with 8 or more cylinders 2 Turbo charged or super-charged engines 3 Nominated high-performance 6 cylinder engines 4 Engines that have been modified to increase the vehicle performance Write a report on how you think these initiatives will help to prevent and control injury. Student responses will vary but some points that may be included in the report could be: • Learner drivers under 21 must have at least 120 hours driving experience, including 10 hours at night – a minimum amount of time spent on the road and in different driving conditions will improve confidence on the road. • Must have held a learner permit for at least 12 months before applying for a probationary license test – new drivers will not be able to get through the leaner to Cambridge University Press © Goodacre, Collins, Slattery 2014 3 licensed driver period too quickly. There will be more of a focus on learning to drive rather than learning to pass a driving test. • Must carry learner permit while driving – a safeguard for ensuring learners are accompanied by a fully licensed driver and that learners do not attempt to drive alone before they are licensed. • P1 drivers under 21 will not be allowed to carry more than one passenger aged 16– 21 – may help prevent situations of careless driving through distraction or lack of concentration. Will ensure young drivers are able to gain more safe driving experience. • No mobile phone use or any messaging of any kind – all driver distraction needs to be prevented. • A two-stage probationary license system with a P1 license for the first 12 months, then a P2 license for three years – a more structured system whereby new drivers need to move through a process of continued experience before becoming fully licensed. • Drivers over 21 when first licensed will skip the P1 period – a more mature driver may not be able to adhere to the P1 restrictions if they have a family or employment for which they need their licence. • A poor driving record will extend the P1 or P2 license by six months – a good deterrent for unsafe driving practices. Learning doesn’t stop once you have your licence. • P1 drivers are not permitted to tow except for work or when under instruction – ensuring those who have experience or who are with an experienced person may reduce towing-related accidents • High-powered vehicle restrictions – younger more inexperienced drivers will have the opportunity to gain enough experience in all traffic conditions and not be distracted if they have to wait before they are able to progress to higher powered or modified vehicles. Cambridge University Press © Goodacre, Collins, Slattery 2014 4 3.4 Promoting mental health and SenseAbility 1 Explain how resilience promotes health. Resilience promotes strong social and emotional skills. People who are resilient are better able to cope with the stressors of daily life, perform better at school and have stronger relationships with parents, teachers and peers. These skills make it less likely for young people to experience significant mental health problems in the future, particularly as these skills promote a sense of self-worth, feelings of belonging and ability to cope with the changes and challenges of life. 2 Explain what the SenseAbility program is. SenseAbility is a program consisting of modules designed to promote and develop resilience in school-aged youth. The focus of the program is building individual skills in the resilience of young people. Having these skills makes it less likely that a young person will experience significant mental health problems in the future. 3 4 Identify the five essential skills outlined in the SenseAbility program. • Helpful thinking and self-talk • Emotion recognition and regulation • Life problem solving • Communication • Planning and time management Identify the six Sense modules outlined in the SenseAbility program. The six senses of SenseAbility are: 1 Self-worth (belief in one’s strengths) 2 Control (coping with life’s challenges) 3 Belonging (feeling valued) 4 Purpose (finding meaning in life) 5 Future (hopefulness about the future) 6 Humour (seeing the funnier side of life) Cambridge University Press © Goodacre, Collins, Slattery 2014 5 5 Analyse how SenseAbility aims to promote the mental health of youth. Developing resilience skills is an integral part of promoting optimal mental health. The program promotes the mental health of young people by focusing on the skills they need to be able to cope with the stresses of everyday life, such as teaching problem solving and coping with challenges, communication and helpful thinking. It not only focuses on the mental dimension of health, but recognises the interrelationships of health, with keeping well (including a focus on physical health) and emotion recognition and regulation (strengthening social health) included as key skills as well. This program is developing the skills needed to have a strong sense of self and increases student awareness of thinking patterns empowering young people to realise their own abilities and make a contribution to their community. All of these skills are important for optimal mental health. 6 Evaluate whether you feel the program will be successful. Why or why not? Student answers here will vary based on their evaluation on whether the program will be successful. Factors to consider would include: • Program is comprehensive • Program flexibility – schools can use one or all modules • Availability – the program has been delivered to all secondary schools and resources are easily accessed • Engaging and relevant curriculum for young people, including the incorporation of ICT • No special training is required to deliver the program • Support provided and readily available from BeyondBlue • Wide variety of choices through modules and activities available Cambridge University Press © Goodacre, Collins, Slattery 2014 6 3.5 Media analysis 1 According to recent research, how many Australians are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the next five years? More than 2.5 million Australian workers are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the next five years. 2 Identify how much money the Australian Government can expect to save in healthcare costs if it funds a powerful and proven national type 2 diabetes prevention program. The Australian Government can expect to save an estimated $1.37 billion in healthcare costs. 3 Outline steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. Student responses may include: • Increasing physical activity and less active pastimes such as television, video games and computers • Losing weight as increased body weight can lead to increased insulin resistance • Changing food intake and reducing consumption of foods that are high in saturated and trans fats and low in fibre • 4 Quit smoking Explain how the Life! program was able to help Richard Voss. The Life! Program taught Richard to set small, achievable goals and focus on the things he can do. Lifestyle changes Richard made included losing 50 kg through walking four times a week and giving him advice and support. He is now leading a much healthier lifestyle. Cambridge University Press © Goodacre, Collins, Slattery 2014 7 5 How many people died from diabetes in 2007? In 2007, 7500 people died from diabetes (type 1 and type 2) and diabetes complications. 6 How many new cases of diabetes are diagnosed each day? There are 275 new cases of diabetes every day. 7 Outline a program you would implement to address the incidence and prevalence of diabetes. Student responses will vary but their suggested program should focus on any or all of the following: sustained lifestyle change, maintaining a healthy body weight and healthy eating. 3.6 Swap it, don’t stop it 1 Explain what motivated Tracey to take the 12-week Swap It challenge. Tracey experience a defining moment while standing in a fitting room. She felt ‘fat, fifty and about to become a grandmother’. She did not want to buy the size 18 jeans she was holding and knew she needed to change her lifestyle. 2 Outline what it was about the 12-week Swap It challenge that attracted Tracey to this program. Tracey was attracted to the program because if was not a diet program and didn’t require an expensive gym membership. It was about making small swaps that you can fit into your daily life. 3 Outline some of the simple ‘swaps’ Tracey made to her lifestyle. Tracy’s swaps included: • Walking with the family dog for 40 minutes twice a week • Swapping her second cup of coffee for green tea • Reducing portion sizes Cambridge University Press © Goodacre, Collins, Slattery 2014 8 4 • Stopping eating the kids leftovers • Swapping white bread for sourdough bread • Trying new activities such as boot camp and Zumba Evaluate whether the 12-week Swap It challenge has been effective for Tracey. Provide evidence from the article to support your answer. The challenge was effective for Tracy. She continued to build more small lifestyles changes into her everyday lifestyle such as trying new activities like boot camp and Zumba. She lost 20 centimetres during the 12 week program and 13.5 kilograms. She also felt proud of herself for sticking with the challenge, and described the program as being ‘such a great journey for me’. She is now a much fitter and heartier grandmother and she is now back in her size 12 jeans. 5 Identify the features of this program that you feel help to make it effective. It is small, simple changes that can easily be incorporated into everyday life. Some smart swap tips are included to help people get started and stick to the challenge. People feel confident and in control and are able to make the changes that are relevant to them, such as portion control, and fried for fresh. It focuses on healthier lifestyle not simply diet. 6 Outline the long-term health benefits to people of adopting a healthy lifestyle advocated by the Swap It, Don’t Stop It program. The long-term health benefits of the program include reducing the risk of health conditions such as obesity, preventable chronic diseases, type 2 diabetes, heart disease and some cancers. 3.7 Memory Lane Café program 1 Explain what the Memory Lane Café program is. The Memory Lane Café is a program available for people with a diagnosis of dementia and their family members. The café provides opportunities for time to be Cambridge University Press © Goodacre, Collins, Slattery 2014 9 spent together with some refreshments and entertainment, with people in a similar situation themselves. 2 Describe how the Memory Lane Café program can promote the physical, mental and social health of people with dementia. Students’ answers should include some comment on the following: • • • 3 Physical health: – Healthy eating – Physical activity as getting out and about from home base Social health: – Interaction with others in society – Level of acceptance by others – Interaction within different groups of people Mental health: – Level of / ability to contribute to community life through café attendance – Feelings of belonging and self-esteem levels Discuss why you think Alzheimer’s Australia Vic is now supporting other local café-style support programs such as the Reflections Café program in the city of Wyndham. Because the program is providing support to not only people suffering from dementia but also provides for carers and family members as well. It provides a place where people can come together in a supported environment and has a community focus, working with people within the area. Dementia is recognised as the most significant neurological disorder and due to morbidity and mortality rates, programs like these need to be encouraged and supported. 4 Explain why you think family members of those suffering with dementia are also encouraged to attend the café programs. Family members can also receive support through the program. The café provides an opportunity for family members to enjoy some time out away from home. Time Cambridge University Press © Goodacre, Collins, Slattery 2014 10 together with some refreshments and some entertainment create a positive time and help to encourage all to participate in their community with a focus on social health. The café is also a great place for carers to network and meet with others who are experiencing the same as they are. This provides support for people by people who have direct experience with caring for adults with dementia. There are also trained staff and volunteers available to provide support and assistance for family members. 3.8 National Health Priority Areas 1 Explain what the National Health Priority Areas (NHPA) initiative is. The National Health Priority Areas initiative is a collaborative initiative by the Commonwealth, state and territory governments to focus the health sectors’ attention on diseases or conditions that have a major impact on the health of Australians. 2 Discuss reasons why the particular diseases and conditions were selected. The diseases selected were chosen because they have the largest burden of disease and potential cost to the Australian community. Diseases selected were: • Type 2 diabetes • Asthma • Coronary heart disease • Stoke • Lung cancer • Colorectal cancer • Osteoarthritis • Osteoporosis • Dementia Cambridge University Press © Goodacre, Collins, Slattery 2014 11 3 Copy and complete the following table: NHPA Summary (what it is) Why it is an NHPA Cardiovascular health All diseases and conditions of the heart and blood vessels encompasses coronary heart disease, stoke, heart failure and peripheral vascular disease A range of diseases categorised by uncontrolled and abnormal cell growth, which can spread to other parts of the body, causing further damage To improve cardio vascular health by reducing coronary heart disease and its impact on the population Cancer control Injury prevention and control Mental health Diabetes mellitus Falls in older people and children, drowning or near drowning and poisoning in children Emotional wellbeing A metabolic disease where the body cannot maintain normal blood glucose levels Cambridge University Press Risk factors How it is being addressed (promotional initiatives) Blood pressure, high The Tick blood cholesterol, program, Swap body weight, age, It, Don’t Stop It sex, genetics, tobacco smoking, physical inactivity and diet Because it can contribute significantly to disease burden being the leading cause in Australia – cancer is a leading cause of mortality in Australia Because injuries are a leading cause of mortality and disability Sex, genetics, diet, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, lack of physical activity, exposure to the sun The National Bowel Cancer Screening Program, Quit and SunSmart, BreastScreen Age, sex, alcohol consumption, occupation It is one of the leading causes of non-fatal burden of disease and injury in Australia, being responsible for a large number of disability cases and hospitalisations The incidence of diabetes is on the rise and contributes significantly to ill health, disability and premature death in Australia and has the potential for improved health outcomes Age, sex, alcohol consumption and elicit drug use Arrive Alive, The National Falls Prevention for Older People Initiative, Safer Playgrounds headspace, Beyondblue, MindMatters, Lifeline and Kids Help Line Genetics, age, body weight, lack of physical activity and diet © Goodacre, Collins, Slattery 2014 The National Diabetes Action Program, Life! program 12 Asthma A chronic condition that affects the small air passages of the lungs Arthritis and musculoskeleta l conditions Part of a broader group of disorders of the muscles and bones called musculoskeletal disorders of which there are over 100 forms – the NHPA focus is on osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis Refers to the presence of excess fat tissue in the body, according to the body mass index, which is more than 30% body fat Dementia is a syndrome that is associated with many different diseases relating to the impairment of brain function Obesity Dementia Cambridge University Press The physical, social and economic burden it places on the community – it is a leading cause of school absenteeism and hospital emergency attendance for children. The health and economic burden these diseases place on the community – highly prevalent and large contributors to illness pain and disability Although the actual cause is still not really understood, risk factors may include age, genetics, sex, tobacco smoking and occupations Asthma Cycle of Care, Triple A (Adolescent, Asthma, Action) Program, The Asthma Friendly Schools Program Genetics, age, sex, smoking, diet, physical inactivity Waves Warm Water Wellness Program, Arthritis Victoria Waves Program High body weight is Genetics, diet and responsible for a physical inactivity large percentage of total burden of disease and financial cost in Australia Get Set 4 Life, Healthy Spaces and Places, The Stephanie Alexander Kitchen Garden National Program Memory Lane Café, National Dementia Helpline, National dementia Support program and Spark of Life Dementia is a leading cause of burden of disease in Australia and is the third leading cause of death Age, gender and genetic predisposition © Goodacre, Collins, Slattery 2014 13 3.9 National Health Priority Areas – health promotion initiatives 1 Research a health promotion initiative that has been developed that has the potential to address more than one NHPA. For example, Quit; Mums United; Life!; or Swap It, Don’t Stop It. Students will choose different initiatives. An example is the Quit program. 2 Identify who is responsible for implementing the initiative. An example may be the Quit program, which is a joint initiative of the Cancer Council of Victoria, DHS, the National Heart Foundation and VicHealth. 3 Outline the initiative and its aims/objectives. The Tobacco Control Unit comprises the VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control and Quit Victoria. It is a joint initiative of and receives funding from the Cancer Council of Victoria, VicHealth, DHS, and the National Heart Foundation. In collaboration with local, national and international partners they increase understanding of the harms and addictive nature of tobacco and strive to overcome the powerful forces that promote tobacco use. The key goals are to reduce smoking prevalence by encouraging and assisting smokers to quit and preventing the uptake of smoking. 4 Explain how the initiative will address the NHPA conditions. The initiative will address the NHPA conditions by focusing on how smoking affects the NHPAs, which in regard to smoking are cardiovascular health, cancer control and asthma. 3.10 Media analysis 1 According to the article, identify the dietary behaviour/s that are raising a concern for the health of many Australians. Australians are eating too much of some foods and not enough of others. People are consuming greater amounts of ‘treat’ foods, which are generally high in energy and Cambridge University Press © Goodacre, Collins, Slattery 2014 14 low in nutrients. Also high-energy intakes from both total sugars and saturated fats. People are not eating the recommended five serves of vegetables a day, adolescent girls not enough dairy foods and some adults are not getting enough protein. 2 Outline two possible reasons for the poor dietary behaviours listed. The cost of healthy foods is one possible reason provided and also the location of where people live (i.e. rural communities). 3 Identify the NHPA conditions that individuals increase their risk of if they follow the dietary behaviours listed in question 1. 4 • Heart disease (Cardiovascular health) • Diabetes • Obesity • Some cancers (cancer control) Identify the direct and indirect costs to the community of poor dietary behaviours, according to the article. 5 • Direct costs – Hospitals, GP services and medicines. • Indirect costs – Sick leave and forgone earning due to premature death. Identify some direct, indirect and intangible costs to individuals who have poor dietary behaviours. • Direct costs – Cost of medical appointment and cost of medicines. • Indirect costs – Time taken off work resulting in loss of income and future earnings. • Intangible costs – Reduced quality of life, pain and suffering, loss of quality of life and emotional stress. Cambridge University Press © Goodacre, Collins, Slattery 2014 15