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8,000 BCE – 600 BCE FOUNDATIONS Foraging Societies: Hunt and Gather. These were small groups of people who traveled from point to point as the climate and availability of plants and animals dictated. They were limited in their inability to store food long-term. NO personal belongings and impermanent shelters. Pastoral Societies: characterized by the domestication of animnals. Small scale agriculture to supplement animal prodcuts as main food supply. Neolithic Revolution: New Stone Revolution or Agricultural Revolution. Pre civilizaiotns. People lived in relatively small, independent groups or communities. People figured out how to cultivate plants, they stayed in one area. People began to build a united identity. The invention of agriculture ranks alongside the mastery of fire and the pocess of industrialization as one of the nost important turning points in human history. Mesopotamia: Land between the rivers Tigris nad Euphrates Sumer Babylon and Persia were a series of ancient civilizations – thrived along their banks Mesopotamia is part fo a larger area—the Fertile Crescent Unpredicatble flooding SUMER: o Southern Mesopotamia o River management o Succeeded in agriculture o Cunieform –system of writing used by scribes o 12 month calendar o The WHEEL—enables longer distance trade o Used Geometrty o Baby.l Polytheism o Built temples known as ziggurats to appease the gods BABYLON: o Akkad succeeded Sumer and then Babylon rose to powerhouse status o King Hammurabi Code of law distinguished between major and minor offenses o Babylon fell due to the invasion by the Hittites. Known for iron usage. o Assyrians then adopted iron usage. Harsh rule. Defeated by Nebuchadnezzar who rebuilt Babylon Babylon AGAIN: great city of Babylon—hanging gardens. Soon taken over by the Persian Empire Persians were a vast and major empire by 500 bce Lydians: coined money Phoenicians: Naval cities Hebrews: Monotheism EGYPT: Arid landscape and the Nile river –people clustered along the river bank Predictable flooding Old, Middle, New Kingdoms of Egypt: Reached height under new kingdom by 1400 bce. Achievements –united under King Menes built capital at Memphis Pharaohs constructed obelisks & pyramids. Hieroglyphics Astronomy Polytheistic Focus on life after death—the afterlife Take earthly belongings with them to the afterlife mummification Fell to the hands of greater empires—Persia, Greece, Rome (1100BE began to decline) INDUS: Contact with outside civilizations was more limited there than in Mesopotamia which was under continual threat by invaders Northwest India Major Cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro More than 100,000 people Enormous cities Polytheistic Great architecture and plumbing City planning was top notch Aryans were a nomadic tribe from north of the Caucasus Mountains o They used horses and advanced weaponry o Defeated thepopulations in the Indus Valley o Settled in the Indus Valley o Cultural Diffusion: Aryans China: Shang and Zhou Yellow and Yangtze Rivers Northern China Used chariots to defeat their enemies 1600-1100 bce Limited contact with the outside world. Traded with Mesopotamia So isolated that they believed themselves to be the CENTER OF THE OWRLD All Under Heaven –what they called their civilization. Ethnocentric attitude Oracle Bones Zhou: 1100 bce Shang were ousted by Wu Wang who est the Zhou Dynasty maintained the traditions and customs developed ner the Shang Dynasty Zhou ruled for 900 years Longer than any other dynasty Mandate of Heaven –that heaven would grant the Zhou power only as long as it rulers governed justly and wisely. o Dynasty just simply needs the blessing from heaven o USED IRON o When the Zhou fell, China ushered in an era known as the Warring States Mesoamerica: Chavin (Andes) and Olmec (Mexico) Olmec—mastered irrigation and sustained on corn, beans, squash. o Polytheistic o Mastered irrigation o Writing system and calendar Chavin: o High tech irrigation o Metal tools and weapons o Llamas as beasts of burden INTERESTING POINT: NO CONTACT WITH EASTREN HEMISPHERE BUT DEVELOPED SIMILARILY – NOT ALL DVELOPMENT IS INFLUENCED BY CULTURAL DIFFUSION. NO RIVERS! DISPROVES THE FACT THAT RIVERS ARE NECESSARY FOR EARLY CIVILIZATIONS DEVELOPMENT West Africa: Bantu Migrations Stateless Society 1500 BCE farmers in the Niger and Beneu River valleys in West Africa began migrating sout and east, brining with them their languages Bantu Migrations continued for 2000 years. Moved south of the Sahara because it was too dry and hot They also had IRON 1. What is the impact of interaction among major societies at this time? (Trade, systems of exchange, war, diplomacy) As the Neolithic Revolution rolled around, the concept of land became tied to a group of people vs. in a nomadic civilization, people roamed and shared the land. If someone else comes along and drinks from a civilzations river or builds a house on their hill, they might begin to think of the newcomers as intruders or invaders, not as neighbors. Now people start to interact through trade, conflicts = things get complicated. Agricultural societies become more complex leads to specialized labor and the growth and development of civilizations. Invention of Irrigation Techniques Agricultural Revolution impacted he environment – digging up the ground, irrigation, roads being built, animals used ofr labor, pulling plows etc… As civilizations were conquered, their cultural heritage, religions, laws, customs, and technologies were rarely lost. The Assyrians learned from the Hittites how to use iron. Harsh rule—they conqured and exiled—helped to spread cultural diffusion. Indus traded cotton with Mesopotamia through the Khyber Pass of the Hindu Kush Mountains. Aryans invaded the Indus Valley area and settled—brought with them other aspects of their polytheism – Vedas and the Upanishads where they recoded their beliefs. Became the basis for Hinduism Egyptian mastery of transportation led to exchanges between Egypt and Mesopotamia and around the Mediterranian Indo Europeans used the horse and were therefore able to traverse a great distance. Example is the Hittites from Anatolia Many agricultural stuffs came from Mesopotamia to Egypt Egypt’s writing may have been influenced by Mesopotamia “divine kingship” came from the Sudan— both had long distance trade Both were influenced by other cultures o Egypt—Nubian civilization o Mesopotamians learned how to domesticate horses from pastoral peoples in Russia o Egypt got the chariot from the Hyksos Long Distance trade did reach China as early as Shang Dynasty 2. Describe the relationships of change and continuity across the world in this period. Continuity: Continuity from Paleolithic days: the use of weapons and tools (Paleolithic were made from bones and stones—Neolithic started to use metals – in this regard it’s a change). Bow and Arrow was a paleolithic invention. Homo Sapiens— Created the Venus Figurines (exaggerated female bodies) to depict female sexuality and fertility—emphasis on females and the importance of fertility is throughout this era. Politheism Continuity in Egypt: The early pharaohs claimed to be gods living on the earth in human form, the ownersand absolute rulers of all the land. In that respect they continued the tradition of divine kingship inherited from the early agricultural societies of the Sudan. Change: Later they viewed rulers as offspring of Amon, the sun god, so that the pharaoh was a son of the sun. CHANGE: Growth of Cities Paleolithic socities were more egalitarian –men started to become involved in political settings as cities developed- women stayed home. As cities grew private property became a new concept- rivalries and tensions over territory developed with the growth of cities. 3. What is the impact of technology and demography on people and the environment for this period? (Population growth, decline, disease, manufacturing, migration, agriculture, weaponry) Surpluses in food vastly increased he population and supported the establishment of cities and specialzed labor. Irrigation techniques increases population Slash and Burn technology to clear space and create fertile land for crop growth Domestication of animals—increased deaths due to diseases Metal workers hard stones such as granite used and formed into famrming tools such as hoes and plows. Pottery made to use for cooking—hunter gatherers didn’t need these because they couldn’t store food. No use for lugging large bowls around—food producing society, however, needs containers to store surplus foods –both practical and artistic Metallurgy earliest metal was copper. Jewelry and simply tools. Smelting and casting of copper. Bronze— MESOPOTAMIA: Because copper and tin were rare/expensive, most people could not afford bronze implements. Immediate impact on military affairs . also helped farmers with new tools that were better than bone, wood, stone or obsidian etc… CHINA: bronze technology transformed Shang China. Came from southwest Asia with horses and horse drawn chariots, carts, wagons, and other wheeled vehicles. Shang rulers monopolized the use of bronze. EGYPT: Bronze came later than in Mesopotamia. Use of bronze became widespread in Egypt only after the seventeenth century BCE when the Hyksos relied on bronze weapons to impose their authority on the Nile Delta. High cost of copper kept bronze out of the hands of subordinates Iron – MESOPOTAMIA: AFTER 1000 BCE MESOPOTAMIAN CRAFTSMEN BEGAN TO MANUFACTURE EFFECTIVE TOOLS AND WEAPONS WITH IRON AS WELL AS BRONZE. –HITTITES CREDITED WITH MAKING TOOLS CHINA: during the first millennium BCE the technology of iron metallurgy spread to China and gradually made bronze weapons obsolete. Zhou kings were unable to control access to them. EGYPT: independtly developed in sub Saharan Africa. INDIA: AFTER 1000 BCE THE TECHNIQUES OF IRON METALLURGY WERE INTRODUCED IN INDIA—ARYANS USED IRON AAXES AND TOOLS TO ADVANCE INTO REGIONS PREVIOUSLY inaccessible to them—jungle covered valley of the Ganges River etc. Textile Production harder to detect the beginning of this b/c the fibers disappear after time. Fiber from plants and animals—selective breeding. Used technology that spun fibers into cloth. Women probably did this work. –work that could be done while nursing children. Weaving invented to shape baskets and nets Shipbuilding in Mesopotamia Whieels invented for use on carts and sails for use on boats. Dams for the unpredictable Tigris and Euphrates Knowledge of how to use metals: copper and tin create bronze – enhanced the growth of civilizaitons became the Bronze Age. Later—IRON o Hittites knew how to use IRON SHANG: Accomplished bronze workers o Horse Drawn Charitos spoked wheel, experts in pottery and silk . decimal system and highly accurate calendar. Bantus built canoes 4. Describe the systems of social structure and gender structure (Comparing major features within and among societies, assessing change) The concentration of people into permanent settlements and the increasing specialization of labor—provided the first opportunity for individuals to accumulate wealth. Individuals could trade surplus food or manufactured goods for other items of value. PRIVATE PROPERTY IS A NEW CONCEPT – land the ultimate source of wealth in an agricultural society. Owned land had economic power. Egypt: the first female ruler in history was Egyptian Queen Hatshepsut – expanded Egyptian trade expeditions. Egyptian women had many rights. During the New Kingdom women could buy and sell property, inherit property, and choose ot will their property how they pleased,. Women also had the right to dissolve their marriages. Women were still expected to be subservient to men and were valued most when they bore children. Young girls not educated nearly as well as young boys. Egyptian Social Structure: In Egypt and Nubia alike, ancient cities were centers of considerable accumulated wealth, which encouraged the development of social distinctions and hierarchies. Like Mesopotamia, slaves played important roles, as did peasants. Unlike Mesopotamia, Egypt had a centralized government. Unlike Mesopotamia, Egpyt had a military force and elaborate bureaucracy of administrators and tax collectors PATRIARCHIAL All authority to men Women in charge of domestic work Men and women could own land. Indus: Social Structure Adapted from the Aryans was very rigid—became the basis of the Caste System Brahmans were the closest to God and they were on the top then warriors and then peasants No social mobility between castes—no intermarrying of castes Women: All chiefs, warriors, priests in Aryan society were men. Women had no public authority. Only males could inherit property Only men could provide over family rituals that honored ancestors (like China) Formal education in Sanskrit remained a mostly male preserve Women rarely learned the Vedas Shang: Patriarchal structure led by the eldest male Gods controlled all aspects of peoples’ lives Asked for the help of their dead ancestors as their advocates with the gods. Great significance to the extended family. ZHOU: o Developed the feudal system in Japan. o King was the ruler of the entire empire o Too big for one person to manage—nobles were given power over smaller regions, within the empire. o Established a bureaucracy—lasted until feudal lords overthrew Zhou Dynasty in 256 BCE o Ruling elite class, free artisans and craftsmen, a large class of peasants, and slaves completed the social class structure o Women were subordinate to men- After the Shang Dynasty, not even queens or empresses merited temples dedicated exclusively to their memories—at most they had the honor of being associated with their husband. o Women lived in the shadow of men o BECAUSE men were in charge of ancestor veneration and therefore had the most important role in the home. Mesopotamia: With specialized labor and long distance trade cities provided many opportunities for the accumulation of wealth Social distinctions in Mesopotamia became much more sharply defined than those of Neolithic villages. Ruling elites and priests—priests and priestesses lived in temple communities Less privileged classes for free commoners, dependent clients, and slaves. Slaves: prisoners of war, convicted criminals, and heavily indebted individuals who sold themselves into slavery to satisfy debts (often granted freedom after debt repaid) Patriarchal society that vested authority over public and private affairs in adult men. Hammurabi’s code—men as head of homes Men had the power to sell their wives and children into slavery to satisfy debts. o WOMEN: in the law they were subordinate o Women began to wear veils!!! Death by drowning to the women for adultery vs. men who could have loose sexual relations with slaves, concubines, prostitutes without penalty 5. Describe culture and intellectual developments and interactions among and within societies. Epic of Gilgamesh Mesopotamia—5th King of the City Uruk. A part of both mythology and folklore in Mesopotamia. He was wise, strong, and magnificent as bestowed on him by the Gods. Heroic stories told in the Epic of Gilgamesh Sacred Writings of the Jews (the Old Testament of the Christian Bible) –Jews adopted from Epic of Gilgamesh –altered the story and adapted it to their own interests and purposes –concept of flood story shows they participated in the larger society of Mesopotamia. Known as Israelites led by Moses to Jerusalem. Egypt—used pictographs, hieroglyphics on papyrus Vedas—Left behind by the Aryans in Mesopotamia. Collection of sacred hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals—Vedas reveals hierarchical, male-dominated society. 6. Describe changes in functions and structure of states and attitudes towards states and political identities (political and cultural), including the emergence of the nation-state. As people congregated in cities they needed to find ways to resolve disputes—sometimes between residents within individual settlements other times between whole settlements themselves—that ineveitably arose as individual and group interests conflicted. In search of order settled agricultural peoples recognized political authorities and built states throughout Mesopotamia. The establishment of states encourage the creation of empires as some states sought to extend their power and enhance their security by imposing their rule on neighboring lands. 7. * What is the ‘Capital’ of the world for this time period? Why? Describe the legacy of this ‘Capital’. Egypt? Greatest legacy—iron, Mediterranian trade, would be a crossroads for Persia, Greece, Rome. We know the most about it because we deciphered their writing. Centralized government. 8. ** How do the major civilizations of this time period compare? (politically, economically, Culturally.) Politically Mesopotamia Many city states with their own government Hammurabi of Babylon ruled from 1792-1750— first written legal code 1. retribution, 2. Lower social stutus had more severe punishment, 3. Government had a responsibility to its ciizens (if u were robbed, the govt would reimburse you) Economically Traded with Egypt and as far east as Indus for Indus textiles Culturally Polytheism Except Jewish culture Patriarchial and hierarchical society Specialized labor Social Structure— There was almost total urbanization in Mesopotamia No authority in rural parts meant no protection so people were forced to the cities Conflict, environmental devastation destroyed Sumer b/c it was vulnerable to outside forces Egypt Indus Divine pharaohs – centralized government with a bureaucracy Dependent on Nile river for trade into the Mediterranean Polytheism Patriarchal and hierarchical society Specialized labor priests followed Extensive long pharaoh, distance trade due commoners and to tech. innovation slaves with boats. Professional military and a bureaucracy to collect taxes Females could take on administrative jobs if they were educated Traded with Polytheism Mesopotamia Greatly influenced Cultivated by Aryans cotton for trade Never deciphered writing system Patriarchal and hierarchical society Specialized labor Fertility—very important Aryans made ritual sacrifices like Mesoamericans. RELIGION Upanishads: philosophical texts and Vedas— hymns and songs of the Aryans China Shang Kings relied on a large corps of political allies. They did not rule a highly centralized state. Rather, their authority rested on a vast network of walled towns whose local rulers recognized authority of the Shang kings. Mandate of Heaven / Dynastic Cycle There is evidence of long distance trade with India— Chinese pottery in Mohenjo Daro Mostly self sustaining agriculture with large peasant and slave population Zhou state was much larger than the Shang – decentralized administration/bureaucracy Centralized rule in Qin Dynasty which was after the Warring States (after the Zhou) Mesoamerica Olmecs: the Rubber * only non People Authoritarian in river valley nature Influence extended into modern Mexico and Latin America Polytheism Patriarchal and hierarchical society Specialized labor Veneration of ancestors and the importance of family unit Oracle Bones came from royal archives Early writing was pictographs No alphabet The Book of Songs ^ a collection of verses on themes both light and serious Most Zhou writings have perished – written on bamboo Polytheism Patriarchal and hierarchical society Specialized labor Chavin in the Andes- there is no evidence to suggest that Chavin cultural and religious beliefs led to the establishment of a state or any organized political order. –spread by military force but also by trade . traded jade no metal technology. Used obsidian Chavin—Rich Marine Life –little communication with other South American peoples – cultivation of maize slowly spread into Andes . Andean gold silver and copper metallurgy traveled north to Mesoamerica Similarities between first permanent settlements: Specialization Social stratification Trade (metals) Similarities between first cities and complex societies: surplus cities specialization trade that is transregional organized government complex religions written language arts and architecture DATES: 8000 BCE first agricultural villages 3200 BCE era of Sumerain dominance Hammurabi 1792-50 BCE 4000-3000 Beginning of the Bronze Age in Mesopotamia Astronomical observations and a calendar to keep track of seasons…invented writing but little survives of it— cultivatd corn which is a continuity through time into the subsequent eras. 2000 BCE Bantu Migrations Unification of Egypt 3100 BCE King Menes Built a centralized state ruled by the pharaoh, the Egyptian king. 2500 BCE High point of Harappan society Aryans in Indus 1700 BCE –greatly impact Indus culture/social structure 1300 BCE Refinement of Iron Metallurgy—important in weapons – Hittites were not the original inventors either of horse drawn chariots or of iron metallurgy—in both cases they built on Mesopotamian preedents—but in both cases they clearly improved on exisiting technologies and introduced innovations that other peoples readily adopted. Shang Dynasty 1766-1122 BCE Zhou Dynasty 1122-256 BCE (followed by Warring States period 403-221 BCE) 1200-100 BCE Olmec 1000 Chavin people of Andes Three Cards: CARD 1: List all major river valley civilizations and significant economic, political, cultural features—include technology CARD 2: Continuities and Changes over time (from Neolithic to pre Classical civilization) CARD 3: Major points of comparison and contrast