Download The Process of Nutrition

Biology 30 - Ch. 8 – Nutrition Notes
The Process of Nutrition
• All living organisms need ________. All food contains ______________.
• Nutrients are substances that provide the __________________ needed for
metabolic activities such as ______________________________________
• Nutrition is the process by which organisms ________________________
so it can be used for metabolism.
• Nutrients include ______________________________________________
• Organisms get nutrients in one of 2 basic ways:
• __________________ – capable of making organic nutrients from simple
inorganic molecules.
• _________________ – organisms that cannot synthesize their own organic
nutrients from inorganic molecules.
Eating Healthy
• Eating Well with Canada's Food Guide describes ____________________
people need and ___________________ is part of a healthy eating pattern.
• The eating pattern in Canada's Food Guide includes foods from each of the
four food groups - Vegetables and Fruit, Grain Products, Milk and
Alternatives, and Meat and Alternatives - plus a certain amount of added
oils and fats.
• Following the eating pattern in Canada's Food Guide will help people:
– __________________________________________________________.
– __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________.
– ___________________________________________________.
What Amount of Food Should People Eat?
• Canada's Food Guide recommends how many Food Guide Servings people
should eat from each of the four food groups, plus a small amount of added
oils and fats.
• The recommended number of servings is different for people at different
stages of life and is different for males and females. The recommended
number of Food Guide Servings is an average amount that people should
try to eat each day.
• The ______ of food that people eat is just as important as the __________.
Canada's Food Guide provides direction on specific foods to choose within
each food group. Guidance to direct people's choices includes:
• ___________________________________________________________.
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Biology 30 - Ch. 8 – Nutrition Notes
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____________________________________________________________.
Make at least ________of your grain products _______________ each day.
____________________________________________________.
Have meat alternatives such as beans, lentils and tofu often.
Eat at least two Food Guide Servings of ______________ each week.
Include a small amount of __________________________ each day.
Satisfy your thirst with ____________________.
In addition, Canada's Food Guide encourages people to choose foods
lower in __________________________________.
Nutrition Labeling (Refer to Nutrition Label handout)
• The Nutrition Facts table appears on food labels with a consistent look,
making it easy to find and easy to read. The labeling regulations,
introduced in 2003, also updated the requirements of over 40 nutrientcontent claims and allowed five health claims on diet-health relationships
to be used on food labels or in advertisements.
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Biology 30 - Ch. 8 – Nutrition Notes
• Together, the Nutrition Facts table, the nutrition claims and the ingredient
list provide Canadians with more information to make informed food
choices.
Adaptations for Nutrition and Digestion
• For a nutrient to be used by the cells of an organism it has to pass through
the _______________________________________.
• This process is called ______________________________.
• Before food can be absorbed it must first be broken down into smaller,
simpler forms. The process that does this is called ___________________.
• There are 2 stages to digestion: __________________________________.
• Mechanical breakdown of food increases the ___________________ of the
food particles. It prepares the food for __________________________ by
exposing __________________ to the action of _____________________.
• Some examples of mechanical breakdown are:
– __________________________________________________________
• _____________________ is carried out by _________________ which act
only on the surface of the food particles. This is why mechanical
breakdown is important.
• Chemical digestion takes place in stages. Larger molecules are broken
down into smaller molecules, and the smaller molecules are further broken
down into simpler forms.
• The useable, simplest products of digestion are the end products of the
process of nutrition.
• Read pages 155 – 159 and makes notes on the digestive systems of
Protists, hydra, earthworms and grasshoppers. Be able to compare
and contrast the digestive systems of these simple animals.
The Human Digestive System
Functions:
– _____________________________________________________.
– _____________________________________________________
– _____________________________________________________
– _____________________________________________________
Homeostatic Roles:
– Supplies energy for life’s activities.
– Supplies building blocks for macromolecules
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Biology 30 - Ch. 8 – Nutrition Notes
Stages of Food Processing
1. ______________: The act of eating. Usually involves placing food in
mouth or oral cavity.
2. ______________: Macromolecules in food (fats, proteins,
polysaccharides, etc.) are too large to be absorbed by digestive system.
Must be broken down into small molecules (amino acids, simple sugars,
etc.) so they can be absorbed and utilized by the body.
Involves two processes:
Mechanical: Chewing and churning.
Chemical: Enzymatic breakdown of food.
3. ______________: Cells lining the digestive cavity take up building blocks
(simple sugars, amino acids, etc.), which then enter the bloodstream.
Circulatory system distributes nutrients in blood to cells to the body.
4. ______________: Undigested food materials are discharged from body.
Parts of the Human Digestive System
Alimentary canal: Long tube like structure.
– __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Digestive glands: Produce ________________________________________
important for digestion. These are_________________________________
Mouth:
• ___________________________________________________.
• Digestion: Saliva _______________________________________.
• Saliva is made of 2 components, a watery part that ___________________
and a ______________________ that makes food particles stick together.
• As the food is chewed, it mixes with the saliva and forms a __________
which makes food easier to swallow.
• ______________ is digested by ________________________.
• Other enzymes in saliva ________________.
Pharynx (Throat):
• Throat opens into both the _________________________________ and
_____________________________________________.
• Once the food has been chewed it is pushed into the pharynx by the _____.
• As food enters pharynx, swallowing reflex is triggered:
– __________________________________________.
– ___________________________________________.
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Biology 30 - Ch. 8 – Nutrition Notes
– ___________________________________________.
Esophagus:
– _________________________ that conveys food to stomach.
– _____________: _____________________________________ squeeze
food through alimentary canal (towards the stomach).
Stomach:
• The stomach is a ____________________________ located on left side of
abdominal cavity, right below the ___________________.
• Stores food (can stretch to accommodate up to 2 liters of food and water),
and breaks it down with ___________________________.
• It has __________________________________ digestive functions.
• The entrance to the stomach is closed off by a ring of circular muscle
called the ______________________. This helps to prevent the stomach
contents from being ________________________________________.
• ________________ is secreted by stomach. Contains ________________
____________________________________________________________.
• The pH of the stomach is between 1.5 – 2.5 which kills most of the bacteria
that is swallowed with the food.
• Protein digestion starts in stomach with the enzyme _________________.
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Biology 30 - Ch. 8 – Nutrition Notes
• Food is churned in stomach with gastric juice to form a soupy liquid called
___________________.
• Food remains in stomach from 2 to 6 hours, after which the chyme is
released into the small intestine a small amount at a time.
• This movement is controlled by another ring of circular muscle called the
______________________________.
• When the mucous layer of the stomach breaks down and the acids come
into contact with the tissue of the stomach it forms an ________________.
Small Intestine:
• It is about 20-23 feet long and has a huge surface area, about 300 square
meters (about the size of 2 volleyball courts).
• ___________________________________________________________.
• Very large surface area for absorption due to:
– ______________________________________________
– ______________________________________________
• Within each villus there is a ________________________________ and a
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__________________________in the middle.
All substances are absorbed into the bloodstream except ______________
_______________. These are absorbed into tiny vessels of the _________
______________ called ______________________________.
The small intestine is divided into 3 parts. Food leaving the stomach enters
the ________________. This is the shortest section of the small intestine.
The middle section is the ____________ and the last section is the ______.
Capillaries drain nutrients from the small intestine and then sends them to
first to _____________ and then rest of body.
Pancreas and liver empty digestive enzymes and bile into the small
intestine.
– Pancreatic amylase: Breaks down ____________________
– Trypsin and Chymotrypsin: Break down ________________
– Lipases: Break down __________________
– Peptidases: Break down ___________________
– Nucleases: Break down _______________________
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Biology 30 - Ch. 8 – Nutrition Notes
Bile
• The cells of the liver produce bile which passes through a series of ducts
into the ______________________, where it is ___________________.
• Bile passes from the gall bladder to the __________ through the ________.
• Bile contains _______________, but it does aid in digestion of _________
by breaking them up into small droplets. This is called ________________
and it increases the ___________________ for digestion of fats and oils.
• Bile is also _________________ so it also aids in ____________________
from the stomach.
Large Intestine (Colon):
• Undigested and unabsorbed materials pass from the small intestine,
through a sphincter and into the large intestine.
• It is 1.5 m long and 5 cm in diameter.
• Most _________________________occurs here (up to 90%).
• _____________________________________.
• Undigested remainder of food is converted into _________________.
• Site of _______________________________________________
• _____________ (bone and cartilage maintenance)
• ______________ (for blood cell production)
• ________________(cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the
metabolism of fats and amino acids, and plays a role in Kreb’s Cycle)
• __________________
• __________________: Small fingerlike projection off of the large intestine
________________________________________________. If it becomes
infected, it is called ______________________________.
• ______________________: Stores feces until ready to eliminate
Digestive Glands -- Liver:
Structure
• Composed of 2 lobes made up of about 100,000 lobules
Functions
• Removes __________________, a hemoglobin breakdown waste product,
from the blood and incorporates it into ________________.
• Produces ____________ which is stored in _________________.
• Stores iron and fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12
• Synthesizes and degrades ___________________ to maintain homeostatic
levels of ____________________.
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Biology 30 - Ch. 8 – Nutrition Notes
• Produces __________ after breaking down _____________. Urea is then
carried by the blood to the ___________ and excreted from the body in the
__________. _____________ is less toxic than _____________ which is
the original waste product of amino acid breakdown.
Pancreas:
• Produces several digestive enzymes which are emptied into small intestine
through the _____________________ into the ___________________.
• Enzymes digest _____________ (__________________), ___________
(____________), _________ (__________), and nucleic acids (________).
• The pancreas also produces _________________________ which helps to
________________________________.
• The pancreas also has endocrine functions which we will discuss later.
Gallbladder
• The liver produces about 1000 ml of bile a day with excess being stored in
the gallbladder.
• Gallbladder reabsorbs water making bile thick and mucus-like.
• Gallstones may form due to precipitation of ___________________.
• People can survive if their gall bladder is removed. They just need to alter
their diets to be low in ___________.
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