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UNIT 5- 1850-1877: Conflict in Many Forms
(EV –14, 15, 16; AMSCO 13,14,15)
In each of the page sections below, there are questions that will help you know what is important
to look for in each reading. For each of the terms - any of which are fair game for quizzes and
tests - you should be able to both identify it and state its significance. If a word is in bold type in
a question, you could also expect to see it as a term that is testable on its own.
Chapter 14 Pages 397-424
Pages 397-405 - Compromise of 1850
Terms: personal liberty laws
1. Compromise of 1850: Who was THE key negotiator? What was Webster's famous
Seventh of March speech about? Other key players? And who were the “fire-eaters”
and what was their complaint? (Make sure you recognize a map of the results of the
compromise.)
2. What were the key components of the Compromise of 1850? (You should have 6 key
points when finished) What were considered concessions to appease the North? to
appease the South?
3. What were the key provisions of the Fugitive Slave Act? Why was it so distasteful for
Northerners and how did they try to ameliorate its impact?
4. Uncle Tom’s Cabin – Harriet Beecher Stowe 1852: Be able to identify the key
characters in the novel and summarize the plot. How was the book perceived in the
North? In the South? What was the significance of the book?
5. What point did Frederick Douglass hope to make in his 1852 Independence Day
speech?
6. What was the impact of the Election of 1852 on the Whigs?
7. Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 (make sure you know the map) What was the underlying
issue? Who was its key proponent in Congress and what other motives might he have
had?
8. Define popular sovereignty and its relationship to the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
9. How effective was the Kansas-Nebraska Act in calming growing tensions?
10. What were the key provisions of the Free Soil Party platform in 1848? What groups
tended to gravitate to and support it? Why did most free-soilers object to slavery?
Pages 405-410 – The Ebbing of Manifest Destiny
Terms: Stephen A Douglas; Gadsden Purchase 1853; Ostend Manifesto; Know-Nothing (or
American) Party; Sack of Lawrence; Pottawatomie Massacre; John Brown; Caning of Charles
Sumner
1. In what ways did the Kansas-Nebraska Act help split the Democratic Party?
2. To what regions of the world did southern expansionists hope to spread? For what
reasons were they unsuccessful?
3. In what ways did the Kansas-Nebraska spell doom for the Whigs?
4. Explain the impact of early 19th century immigration on the emergence of the KnowNothing Party and point out the connection between the Know-Nothings and the
emergence of the Republican Party. Why did the Know-Nothings disappear?
5. What were the major issues that the new Republican Party promoted in 1854? Which
groups flocked to this new political party? Why?
6. Bleeding Kansas. Why the nickname? In what ways did the New England Emigrant
Aid Company fan the flames of sectionalism in Kansas? Who were the "border
ruffians"? What is John Brown's role in the Kansas crisis?
7. The establishment of the Lecompton government sparked two reactions. What were they?
Does Douglas' notion of "popular sovereignty" work in Kansas?
8. Explain what transpired in the U. S. Senate during the Sumner-Brooks incident. What
were the reactions of Northerners and Southerners to this event?
9. Election of 1856. Briefly identify the major candidates and issues of the presidential
election of 1856. Explain how the results of the election reflected sectionalism's impact
on the national political party system.
Pages 410-418 - Crisis of the Union 1857-1860
Terms: Lecompton Constitution 1857; 'house divided' speech; Freeport Doctrine; John Brown
1. What was the background of the Dred Scott v. Sandford case? What issues were
involved?
2. How did Chief Justice Roger B. Taney rule on the case?
3. What was the impact of the decision on the nation's efforts to reach a compromise over
slavery?
4. Describe why the Lecompton Constitution was such a struggle for Kansans, Buchanan
and Congress.
5. Why did the Lincoln-Douglas debates take place? Why did they draw so much
attention?
6. How did Lincoln and Douglas differ in their solution to slavery in the territories?
7. How does Douglas try to reconcile his support of popular sovereignty with the decision in
the Dred Scott case? What is Lincoln's response? How did Douglas' response impact his
presidential aspirations?
8. What is the ultimate significance of the Lincoln-Douglas debates?
9. What were the goals of John Brown's raid on the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, VA?
What was the southern reaction?
10. Why is John Brown's raid considered to be a turning point in the South's road to
secession?
11. What were the rumblings of secession in the 1850’s?
Pages 418-424 - The Collapse of the Union
Terms: Election of 1860 (candidates, positions, outcome) Confederate States of America;
Crittenden Compromise
1. What were the key issues in the election of 1860? Who were the candidates? In what
ways did Democratic divisions play a role in the outcome? How did the vote turn out?
(Pay close attention to the election map on p. 419)
2. What was Lincoln's position on slavery?
3. Why did the 1860 presidential election lead to the immediate secession of the Lower
South? How did the federal government respond to secession?
4. Study the map on p. 422 in your text. Identify the Border States. What was their
response to the outbreak of the Civil War? (You must have some sense of the order of
secession)
5. What was the major theme of Hinton R. Helper's book, The Impending Crisis of the
South?
6. When the Confederate States of America were formed, what challenges did they face?
Whom did they elect?
7. Why were the compromise efforts like the Crittenden Plan unsuccessful?
8. How does Lincoln's first inaugural speech set the stage for a confrontation with the
Confederacy? What steps lead to Fort Sumter? For what two reasons is Fort Sumter
important?
Chapter 15 Pages 427-464
Pages 427-433 - Mobilizing for War
Terms: mobilization; 20-Negro Law; Army of Northern Virginia; Legal Tender Act; National
Banking Act; Jefferson Davis; Alexander Stephens; Radical Republicans; border states; habeas
corpus
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Why did the Confederacy institute conscription?
For what reasons were some Southerners upset by conscription?
Describe the relationship between conscription and volunteering.
What sorts of problems did the South have trying to supply its troops?
The Union was better able to supply its troops, but it too eventually went to the draft.
How could a Yankee avoid being drafted?
6. In what ways did the North and South attempt to finance the war?
7. Discuss the reasons North and South went to "paper money" and the differences they
had in implementation.
8. Re: Differences in popular/political support for the war in the North and South.
9. In what ways did Lincoln and Davis differ in political style?
10. How did the longtime fight over centralized power reappear in North and South - and the
ultimate outcome of the debate in each region?
11. What methods did Lincoln use to try to secure the Union borders? For what reasons was
it important?
Pages 433-442 - In Battle 1861-1862
Terms: Springfield rifles; Gatling gun; Anaconda Plan; capitals of Confederacy; Northern
generals: McDowell, McClellan, Burnside, Meade, Grant, Sherman; Southern generals: Lee,
Jackson; Pickett; Battles of Bull Run; Antietam; Peninsular Campaign; Seven Days; Fort
Donelson; Shiloh; Gettysburg; Vicksburg; Emancipation Proclamation; Adm. Farragut
(Merrimac vs. Monitor)Trent Affair
1. Why was the outcome of the First Battle of Bull Run [First Manassas] such a shock?
2. What were the strengths and weaknesses of General George McClellan's military
leadership? of Robert E. Lee's leadership?
3. Why was the Battle of Antietam considered to be one of the turning points in the war?
4. What was the Union plan for the conquest of the West? How did the Confederacy
propose to defend this area?
5. How did the Battle of Shiloh change Grant's thinking about his military plans?
6. What was the war like for the average soldier?
7. How was the standoff between the two ironclads a monumental event nonetheless?
8. How did the European community respond to the American Civil War? Why did the
South feel it could secure diplomatic recognition from Britain? How did England
respond?
Pages 442-449 - Emancipation Transforms the War 1863
Terms: "contraband"; 54th Massachusetts Infantry; Robert Gould Shaw; Fort Pillow massacre;
Nathan Bedford Forrest; Pickett’s Charge; Gettysburg Address
1. For what reasons was the Union cautious about seizing rebel property? How were the
Confiscation Acts related to this?
2. Lincoln slowly accepted the idea of emancipation. How did the 1863 Emancipation
Proclamation affect slavery? Why was it such a clever political move?
3. What are the political and practical implications of the Emancipation Proclamation?
Reactions to it in North? South? Europe?
4. The Freedmen's Bureau (established March 1865) was the nation's first social welfare
agency. What was its mission? In what way did its mandate contradict other Union policy
about confiscation?
5. After 1863, the Union accepted black soldiers. Describe the particular conditions they
faced.
6. Describe the impact of war on slaves who remained in the South.
7. Robert E. Lee supported the use of slaves in the Confederate Army. Was his suggestion
ever implemented?
8. 1863 proved to the turning point of the war. Describe the consequences of Lee's decision
to invade the North, the significance of Gettysburg and the significance of the Union
victory at Vicksburg.
Pages 449-457 - War and Society, North and South
Terms: Pacific Railroad Act of 1862; Union Pacific Railroad; Central Pacific Railroad;
Homestead Act 1862; Morrill Land Grant Act 1862; "shoddy"; Peace Democrats; habeas corpus;
martial law; ex parte Milligan 1866; U.S. Sanitary Commission; Clara Barton; Belle Boyd
Andersonville; women’s rights Elizabeth Cady Stanton; Susan B. Anthony
1. In what ways did the U.S. Congress promote business growth during the war?
Compare/contrast the impact on wealthy vs. ordinary Americans in the North.
2. Describe the economic impact of the war in South. Be sure to address the impact on
women.
3. In what ways did Davis and Lincoln deal with dissent? What were Lincoln's challenges
with the "Copperheads"? What were the underlying factors to the anti-draft riots that
occurred in New York?
4. Look at the double-truck on pp 464-465. Identify Matthew Brady and Alexander
Gardner, and look at the limitations on Civil War photography.
5. How does the war "create" the nursing profession? What challenges did the medical
community have? What challenges did prison camps create?
6. How did women attempt to link their war service with their calls for women's rights and
blacks' rights? For what reasons were the women disappointed?
Pages 457- 464 The Union Victorious
Terms:"total war"; Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia; Ford's Theatre; John Wilkes Booth; sic
semper tyrannis
1. In March 1864, Ulysses S. Grant was appointed commander of all Union armies. What
was his basic strategy? And how did he view horrific casualties at Wilderness,
Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor and Petersburg?
2. Multiple factors -- political and war-related -- contributed to Lincoln's 1864 re-election.
What were they?
3. Lincoln's Second Inaugural contains some of Lincoln's plans for a post-war world. What
was the overall gist of his plan for the south?
4. What was William Tecumseh Sherman's goal in his "March to the Sea" in 1864?
What methods did he use to accomplish that goal?
5. Where do Lee and Grant meet as major conflict ends in 1865? What terms did Grant
provide? Why?
6. What happened to Lincoln? And to those who had a role in Lincoln's assassination?
7. Describe the impact of the war in human, political and economic terms.
Chapter 16 Pages 467-500
Pages 467-477 - Reconstruction Politics 1865-1868
Terms:13th Amendment 1865 (and provisions); 14th Amendment 1868 (and provisions) ;15th
Amendment 1870 (and provisions); Freedmen’s Bureau ; O.O. Howard; Civil Rights Act 1866;
Radical Republicans; Thaddeus Stevens; Chart on p. 484 (Know it); Tenure of Office Act
1. What were the objectives and provisions of Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction?
2. What constitutional and theoretical problems did Reconstruction pose? How did the TenPercent Plan and the Wade-Davis Bill reflect these problems?
3. On what issues did Lincoln and Congress disagree? What was the Wade-Davis Bill and
Lincoln's reaction to it?
4. How was Andrew Johnson's plan similar to Lincoln's? How was it different?
What was Johnson's approach to Reconstruction? How was it shaped by his political
background and his personality?
5. "Presidential Reconstruction" has unexpected consequences. What are they and how
do they reveal Southern intentions?
6. Congress challenges Johnson in a number of ways. Describe the actions surrounding the
Civil Rights Act of 1865 and the Fourteenth Amendment? What was the role of the
Civil Rights Act of 1866 in the transition from Presidential to Congressional
Reconstruction?
7. What are the key components of the 14th Amendment and what are some criticisms of it?
8. After gaining control of Congress in the midterm election of 1866, how do the
Republicans reshape postwar Reconstruction?
9. How did Congress respond to the Black Codes and other Southern state actions in 1865
and 1866?
10. What special problems did the freedmen face immediately after the Civil War?
11. After gaining control of Congress in the midterm election of 1866, how do the
Republicans reshape postwar Reconstruction?
12. Describe the conditions for freedmen in the Reconstructed South, focusing on their initial
goals, their institutions and the economic system under which they operated.
13. Identify federal attempts to resolve these problems. How successful were they in giving
freed blacks their own land?
14. Explain the operation of the sharecropping system of labor and how it assisted Southern
whites in reasserting control over black labor.
15. Describe the underlying reasons for the impeachment of Andrew Johnson, the outcome
and the impact on Congress and the presidency
16. The 15th Amendment reinvigorates the women's rights movement. What does the 15th
Amendment do and what is its impact on the women's movement and its leaders?
Pages 477-481 -Reconstruction Governments
Terms: Carpetbaggers; scalawags; freedmen; Knights of White Camelia; moderators, regulators;
KKK; Nathan Bedford Forrest; Enforcement Act 1870
1. What three groups made up the Republican base in the South during Reconstruction?
Compare the groups, their supporters and their agendas
2. Describe the successes and failures of Republican Rule in the South. What groups attack
the Republicans, what methods do they use, and how does Congress try to stop the
attacks?
3. How did Southern white organizations regain control over Southern state governments?
What methods did they use?
Pages 481-485 - The Impact of Emancipation
Terms: African Methodist Episcopal Church; Freedmen's Bureau; Civil Rights Act of 1875;
"forty acres and a mule"; tenant farming
1. What were the freedmen's initial reactions to the end of slavery?
2. What were the short-term and long-term impacts of the black churches and black schools
that gained prominence during Reconstruction? Why was segregation "a given"?
3. Describe the disconnect between the freedmen's desires to own and work the land work
with the obstacles they had to hurdle? In what ways was "sharecropping" effective?
ineffective?
4. What is the impact of the sharecropping and the crop-lien system on the economy of
the South?
Pages 490-494 - New Concerns in the North 1868-1876
Terms: Jay Gould; Jim Fisk; Credit Mobilier; "whiskey ring"; William M. “Boss”
Tweed/Tamanny Hall; Mark Twain/The Gilded Age; Alaska Purchase; William Seward;
Amnesty Act; Jay Cooke' Transcontinental Railroad free silver advocates; Bland-Allison Act
1878; "waving the bloody shirt"
1. Describe "Grantism" and its impact on Reconstruction? impact in the North?
2. Assess Ulysses S. Grant's presidential prowess. His successes? failures?
3. What was the result of the Liberal Republicans' dealings with Grant? Impact on
Reconstruction?
4. What were underlying causes of the Panic of 1873? In what ways did the debate about
currency fan the flames? What was the impact of the Public Credit Act?
5. How did the Supreme Court react to Reconstruction laws? How did ex parte Milligan
(1866) suggest that the freedmen may be in trouble? What was the impact of the rulings
in the Slaughterhouse cases (1873). With the rulings in U.S. v. Cruikshank (1883), what
had the Court done to Reconstruction efforts?
Pages 494-500 Reconstruction Abandoned 1876-1877
Terms:"home rule"; "New South"; exoduster"; Election of 1876; Rutherford B. Hayes; Samuel
Tilden
1. What series of events allowed Southerners to retake control of the South?
2. How did Democrats begin to reassert control in the Southern states by 1876? What was
meant by "redemption"?
3. The "Compromise of 1877" to end the disputed election of 1876 killed Reconstruction.
Who were the candidates? What was the dispute? What was the compromise?