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Chapter 49
Sensory and Motor
Mechanisms
Teaching Objectives
Sensing, Acting, and Brains
1. Differentiate between sensation and perception.
Introduction to Sensory Reception
2. Explain the difference between exteroreceptors and
interoreceptors.
3. Describe the four general functions of receptor cells as they
convert energy stimuli into changes in membrane potentials
and then transmit signals to the central nervous system.
4. Distinguish between sensory transduction and receptor
potential.
5. Explain the importance of sensory adaptation.
6. List the five types of sensory receptors and explain the
energy transduced by each type.
Hearing and Equilibrium
7. Explain the role of mechanoreceptors in hearing and
balance.
8. Describe the structure and function of invertebrate
statocysts.
9. Explain how insects may detect sound.
10. Refer to a diagram of the human ear and give the function
of each structure.
11. Explain how the mammalian ear functions as a hearing
organ.
12. Explain how the mammalian ear functions to maintain body
balance and equilibrium.
13. Describe the hearing and equilibrium systems of
nonmammalian vertebrates.
Chemoreception: Taste and Smell
14. Explain how the chemoreceptors involved with taste function
in insects and humans.
15. Describe what happens after an odorant binds to an odorant
receptor on the plasma membrane of the olfactory cilia.
16. Explain the basis of the sensory discrimination of human
smell.
Photoreceptors and Vision
17. Compare the structures of, and processing of light by, the
eyecups of Planaria, the compound eye of insects, and the
single-lens eyes of molluscs.
18. Refer to a diagram of the vertebrate eye to identify and give
the function of each structure.
19. Describe the functions of the rod cells and cone cells of the
vertebrate eye.
20. Explain and compare how the rods and cones of the retina
transduce stimuli into action potentials.
21. Explain how the retina assists the cerebral cortex in the
processing of visual information.
Movement and Locomotion
22. Describe three functions of a skeleton.
23. Describe how hydrostatic skeletons function and explain
why they are not found in large terrestrial organisms.
24. Distinguish between an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton.
25. Explain how the structure of the arthropod exoskeleton
provides both strength and flexibility.
26. Explain how a skeleton combines with an antagonistic
muscle arrangement to provide a mechanism for movement.
27. Explain how body proportions and posture impact physical
support on land.
28. Using a diagram, identify the components of a skeletal
muscle cell.
29. Explain the sliding-filament model of muscle contraction.
30. Explain how muscle contraction is controlled.
31. Explain how the nervous system produces graded
contraction of whole muscles.
32. Explain the adaptive advantages of slow and fast muscle
fibers.
33. Distinguish among skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and
smooth muscle.
34. List the advantages and disadvantages associated with
moving through:
a.
an aquatic environment
b.
a terrestrial environment
c.
air
35. Discuss the factors that affect the energy cost of
locomotion.
Student Misconceptions
1.
Some students do not realize how greatly the sensory worlds of various
animals differ. Try to convey to your students how a bat, a shark, or even the
family pooch perceives the world.
2.
The story of the evolution of the middle ear bones in mammals is one of
the best-understood and best-supported examples of homology and modification
of structures. This story can be used to explain to students how new structures
arise as organisms adapt to new environments, how structures change function
step-by-step over evolutionary time, and how each intermediate structure is
functional and contributes to fitness.
Chapter Guide to Teaching Resources
Overview: Sensing and acting
Concept 49.1 Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit
signals to the central nervous system
Transparencies
Figure 49.2 Sensory reception: Two mechanisms
Figure 49.3 Sensory receptors in human skin
Concept 49.2 The mechanoreceptors involved with
hearing and equilibrium detect settling particles or
moving fluid
Transparencies
Figure 49.6 The statocyst of an invertebrate
Figure 49.7 An insect ear
Figure 49.8 The structure of the human ear
Figure 49.9 Transduction in the cochlea
Figure 49.10 How the cochlea distinguishes pitch
Figure 49.11 Organs of equilibrium in the inner ear
Figure 49.12 The lateral line system in a fish
Student Media Resource
Activity: Structure and function of the eye
Concept 49.3 The senses of taste and smell are
closely related in most animals
Transparencies
Figure 49.13 How do insects detect different tastes?
Figure 49.14 Sensory transduction by a sweetness receptor
Figure 49.15 Smell in humans
Concept 49.4 Similar mechanisms underlie vision
throughout the animal kingdom
Transparencies
Figure 49.16 Ocelli and orientation behavior of a planarian
Figure 49.17 Compound eyes
Figure 49.18 Structure of the vertebrate eye
Figure 49.19 Focusing in the mammalian eye
Figure 49.20 Rod structure and light absorption
Figure 49.21 Production of a receptor potential in a rod
Figure 49.22 The effect of light on synapses between rod cells
and bipolar cells
Figure 49.23 Cellular organization of the vertebrate regina
Figure 49.24 Neural pathways for vision
Concept 49.5 Animal skeletons function in
support, protection, and movement
Transparencies
Figure 49.25 Peristaltic locomotion in an earthworm
Figure 49.26 Bones and joints of the human skeleton (part 1)
Figure 49.26 Bones and joints of the human skeleton (part 2)
Student Media Resource
Activity: Human skeleton
Concept 49.6 Muscles move skeletal parts by
contracting
Transparencies
Figure 49.27 The interaction of muscles and skeletons in
movement
Figure 49.28 The structure of skeletal muscle
Figure 49.29 The sliding-filament model of muscle contraction
Figure 49.30 Myosin-actin interactions underlying muscle fiber
contraction (layer 1)
Figure 49.30 Myosin-actin interactions underlying muscle fiber
contraction (layer 2)
Figure 49.30 Myosin-actin interactions underlying muscle fiber
contraction (layer 3)
Figure 49.30 Myosin-actin interactions underlying muscle fiber
contraction (layer 4)
Figure 49.31 The role of regulatory proteins and calcium in
muscle fiber contraction
Figure 49.32 The roles of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and T
tubules in muscle fiber contraction
Figure 49.33 Review of contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber
Figure 49.34 Motor units in a vertebrate skeletal muscle
Figure 49.35 Summation of twitches
Table 49.1 Types of skeletal muscle fibers
Student Media Resources
Activity: Skeletal muscle structure
Activity: Muscle contraction
Investigation: How do electrical stimuli affect muscle contraction?
Concept 49.7 Locomotion requires energy to
overcome friction and gravity
Transparency
Figure 49.37 What are the energy costs of locomotion?
Instructor and Student Media Resources
Video: Jelly swimming
Video: Thimble jellies
Video: Echinoderm tube feet
Video: Manta ray
Video: Coral reef
Video: Clownfish and anemone
Video: Earthworm locomotion
Video: C. elegans
Video: Gibbons brachiating
Video: Soaring hawk
Video: Swans taking flight
Video: Flapping geese
For additional resources such as digital images and lecture
outlines, go to the Campbell Media Manager or the Instructor
Resources section of www.campbellbiology.com.
Key Terms
A band
accommodation
amacrine cell
amplification
aqueous humor
bipolar cell
cardiac muscle
chemoreceptor
chitin
choroid
ciliary body
cochlea
compound eye
cone cell
conjunctiva
cornea
electromagnetic receptor
endoskeleton
Eustachian tube
exoskeleton
exteroreceptor
eye cup
fovea
ganglion cell
gustation
hair cell
horizontal cell
hydrostatic skeleton
I band
incus
inner ear
intercalated disk
interoreceptor
iris
lateral geniculate nuclei
lateral inhibition
lateral line system
lens
locomotion
malleus
mechanoreceptor
middle ear
motor unit
muscle spindle
myofibril
myofilaments
myoglobin
nociceptor
olfaction
ommatidium
opsin
optic chiasm
organ of Corti
outer ear
pain receptor
perception
peristalsis
photopsin
photoreceptor
pitch
primary visual cortex
pupil
receptor potential
recruitment
retina
retinal
rhodopsin
rod cell
round window
saccule
sarcomere
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
sclera
semicircular canals
sensation
sensory adaptation
sensory reception
sensory receptor
sensory transduction
single-lens eye
skeletal muscle (striated muscle)
sliding-filament model
smooth muscle
stapes
statocyst
statolith
taste buds
tetanus
thermoreceptor
thick filament
thin filament
transverse (T) tubules
tropomyosin
troponin complex
tympanic membrane
utricle
vitreous humor
Z linesChapter 49
Sensory and Motor Mechanisms
Instructor’s Guide for Campbell/Reece Biology, Seventh Edition
Word Roots
ama- 5 together (amacrine cell: neurons of the retina that help
integrate information before it is sent to the brain)
aqua- 5 water (aqueous humor: the clear, watery solution that
fills the anterior cavity of the eye)
bi- 5 two (bipolar cell: neurons that synapse with the axons of
rods and cones in the retina of the eye)
chemo- 5 chemical (chemoreceptor: a receptor that transmits
information about the total solute concentration in a solution
or about individual kinds of molecules)
coch- 5 a snail (cochlea: the complex, coiled organ of hearing
that contains the organ of Corti)
electro- 5 electricity (electromagnetic receptor: receptors of
electromagnetic energy, such as visible light, electricity, and
magnetism)
endo- 5 within (endoskeleton: a hard skeleton buried within the
soft tissues of an animal)
exo- 5 outside (exoskeleton: a hard encasement on the surface
of an animal that provides protection and points of
attachment for muscles)
extero- 5 outside (exteroreceptor: sensory receptors that detect
stimuli outside the body, such as heat, light, pressure, and
chemicals)
fovea 5 a pit (fovea: the center of the visual field of the eye)
gusta- 5 taste (gustatory receptors: taste receptors)
hydro- 5 water (hydrostatic skeleton: a skeletal system
composed of fluid held under pressure in a closed body
compartment; the main skeleton of most cnidarians,
flatworms, nematodes, and annelids)
inter- 5 between; -cala 5 insert (intercalated disks: specialized
junctions between cardiac muscle cells which provide direct
electrical coupling among cells)
intero- 5 inside (interoreceptor: sensory receptors that detect
stimuli within the body, such as blood pressure and body
position)
mechano- 5 an instrument (mechanoreceptor: a sensory
receptor that detects physical deformations in the body’s
environment associated with pressure, touch, stretch,
motion, and sound)
myo- 5 muscle; -fibro 5 fiber (myofibril: a fibril collectively
arranged in longitudinal bundles in muscle cells; composed
of thin filaments of actin and a regulatory protein and thick
filaments of myosin)
noci- 5 harm (nociceptor: pain receptors in the epidermis of the
skin)
olfact- 5 smell (olfactory receptor: smell receptors)
omma- 5 the eye (ommatidia: the facets of the compound eye
of arthropods and some polychaete worms)
peri- 5 around; -stalsis 5 a constriction (peristalsis: rhythmic
waves of contraction of smooth muscle that push food along
the digestive tract)
photo- 5 light (photoreceptor: receptors of light)
rhodo- 5 red (rhodopsin: a visual pigment consisting of retinal
and opsin)
sacc- 5 a sack (saccule: a chamber in the vestibule behind the
oval window that participates in the sense of balance)
sarco- 5 flesh; -mere 5 a part (sarcomere: the fundamental,
repeating unit of striated muscle, delimited by the Z lines)
sclero- 5 hard (sclera: a tough, white outer layer of connective
tissue that forms the globe of the vertebrate eye)
semi- 5 half (semicircular canals: a three-part chamber of the
inner ear that functions in maintaining equilibrium)
stato- 5 standing; -lith 5 a stone (statolith: sensory organs that
contain mechanoreceptors and function in the sense of
equilibrium)
tetan- 5 rigid, tense (tetanus: the maximal, sustained
contraction of a skeletal muscle, caused by a very fast
frequency of action potentials elicited by continual
stimulation)
thermo- 5 heat (thermoreceptor: an interoreceptor stimulated by
either heat or cold)
trans- 5 across; -missi 5 send (transmission: the conduction of
impulses to the central nervous system)
tropo- 5 turn, change (tropomyosin: the regulatory protein that
blocks the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules)
tympan- 5 a drum (tympanic membrane: another name for the
eardrum)
utric- 5 a leather bag (utricle: a chamber behind the oval
window that opens into the three semicircular canals)
vitre- 5 glass (vitreous humor: the jellylike material that fills the
posterior cavity of the vertebrate eye)49-2 Instructor’s Guide for
Campbell/Reece Biology, Seventh EditionChapter 49 Sensory and Motor
Mechanisms
49-3 Instructor’s Guide for Campbell/Reece Biology, Seventh
EditionChapter 49 Sensory and Motor Mechanisms
Campbell/Reece Biology, Seventh Editionoval
Instructor’s Guide for
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