Download TOPICS FOR EXAMINATION II – Biology 1406

TOPICS FOR EXAMINATION II - Biology 1407, CAMPBELL AND REESE 8e
KNOW AND UNDERSTAND ALL TOPICS AS A FUNCTION OF THE CONCEPT CHECK
HEADINGS IN YOUR TEXT!!
The exam will STRESS Chapters 40 - 44!!
SIXTEEN (16) MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS FROM CHAPTERS 32, 33 AND 34:
CHAPTER 32
Know the anatomical structures and physiological functions which are characteristic of all animals. What
are the general differences between acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate animals? between
protostome and deuterostome animals? between lophotrichozoan and ecdysozoan animals? What is radial
symmetry and which animals have it? What is bilateral symmetry and which animals have it? What
characteristic locomotion is shown by animals with radial symmetry? Which major groups of animals are
protostomes? Which are deuterostomes? What are the developmental characteristics of protostomes?
What are the developmental characteristics of deuterostomes? What is a blastopore and what is its fate in
protostomes? What is a trochophore larva - which organisms have one? What is an open circulatory
system - which organisms have one?
CHAPTER 33
What are the general characteristics of the body plans of annelids, molluscs and arthropods? Know the
major subgroups of the annelids, the molluscs and the arthropods, and their important anatomical
characteristics. What is the basic external and internal body plan of the insects? Be able to identify
invertebrates from general descriptions of their larval and adult body plans, or the diseases that they cause.
CHAPTER 34
What are the basic characteristics shown by chordates? What is the order of evolution of the major groups
of vertebrates, including birds, amphibians, fish, and reptiles? What is an amniotic egg and why is it
important? How is it postulated that vertebrate jaws evolved? What are the most important characteristics
that define the birds and the mammals?
TWENTY NINE (29) MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS FROM CHAPTERS 40 - 44:
CHAPTER 40
What is the functional significance of the extensive branching seen in many human organs and systems?
What is interstitial fluid, and why is it important? What environmental component must surround all
living cells? Know all human tissue types by cellular composition, and by function. What is
homeostasis/negative feedback? What is positive feedback and how does it happen? How are negative
feedback and positive feedback different?
CHAPTER 41
Know the identities and functions of all organs and glands of the human digestive system. Know all
secretions and products of these organs and glands. What is digestion? Where does it occur? What is
absorption? Where does it occur? What do bile salts do, and where are they made and stored? What is
peristalsis? Where would you find pH 2.0 in the digestive system? Why are digestive systems superior to
gastrovascular cavities? What is the pancreas, and which digestive enzymes are produced there? How is
fat digested and absorbed? What is the hepatic portal vessel, and what is its main purpose? BE ABLE TO
TRACE A BITE OF FOOD THROUGH THE ENTIRE ALIMENTARY CANAL,
COMMENTING ON ALL ORGANS IT PASSES THROUGH OR PASSES BY.
CHAPTER 42
What are the characteristics of an open circulatory system? What are the characteristics of a closed
circulatory system? What feature do all gas exchange systems share - what must be present in the cellular
environment? How is most (70%) of the CO2 transported in the blood? What are gills, and how do fish
make them more efficient? BE ABLE TO DESCRIBE IN DETAIL THE PRINCIPLE OF
COUNTERCURRENT EXCHANGE. HOW AND WHY DOES IT WORK? Be able to recognize
examples of countercurrent exchange if you see them. What is hemoglobin? What is hemocyanin? What
common function do they share? Know the structure of hemoglobin and how that structure aids in oxygen
uptake and release. What is systole? diastole? blood pressure? What is the relationship between blood
pressure and osmotic pressure regarding fluid exchange between the capillaries and the interstitial fluid?
CHAPTER 43
What are the cell types involved in non - specific immunity and specific immunity? What are
macrophages, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, T helper cells, memory cells? What is an antigen? What is
an antibody? What is active immunity? What is passive immunity? What is natural immunity? What is
acquired immunity? What is a vaccine? What is an antiserum? Know the steps of the inflammatory
response. What is histamine, and what relation does it have to the inflammatory response? WHAT IS
THE CLONAL SELECTION MODEL? WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT CELLS ASSOCIATED
WITH CLONAL SELECTION, AND WHAT ARE THEIR FUNCTIONS? What is humoral
immunity, and which cells are responsible for it? What is cell mediated immunity, and which cells are
responsible for it? Know the ABO system of human blood groups. Which donor/recipient combinations
are compatible? Which donor/recipient combinations are incompatible?
CHAPTER 44
Know all animal excretory systems covered in class, and where they are found in the animal kingdom.
Know the complete workings of the kidney at the nephron level. What is a glomerulus? What is a
Bowman's capsule? What is filtration? What is the force that drives the filtrate into the Bowman's
capsule? What is a vasa recta? What is the loop of Henle? What do all these do, and how do they work?
What are the functions and relationships, if any, between the following hormones - angiotensin, ADH,
atrial natriuretic factor, aldosterone. What factors inhibit ADH? How do each of these hormones manifest
their effects in human urine production and tonicity? What is urea, and where is it produced in humans?
From which two molecules is it produced? KNOW THE GENERAL PROCESS OF
COUNTERCURRENT EXCHANGE THOROUGHLY. KNOW HOW COUNTERCURRENT
EXCHANGE IS CRITICAL TO PROPER FUNCTION OF THE HUMAN KIDNEY. Why is this
process more efficient than concurrent exchange?