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Being and its variety; Being and its Journey in Transformation
HISTORY OF THOUGHT AND ACTION
1.3
HISTORY FOR A JOURNEY IN BEING™
1
PERIODS
MONDAY, JUNE 26, 2017 2:59:23 PM
There was originally a section that characterized periods of history
according to ‘sentiment’ e.g. the time from prehistory till 700 BC may
have been labeled ‘myth,’ 700 BC to 300 AD ‘philosophy,’ 300 AD to
1500 AD ‘chaos,’ and 1500 AD till the present ‘exploration and
science’
CONTENTS
The intention was to use a suggestive character as a label. However,
the labels are caricatures and the old system is abandoned
HISTORY: INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Reference
1
1.4
1.2
Purposes: History as The ‘Story’ of Thought And Action
1
1.3
Periods
The source for this section is A. N. Whitehead, Adventures of Ideas,
1933
1.4
Whitehead’s Concept of History
1
1.4.1
HISTORY: A BRIEF OUTLINE
1
Whitehead emphasizes the commonplace acknowledgement of
interpretation as relative and theoretical
2
1
WHITEHEAD’S CONCEPT OF HISTORY
Relativity and focus
2.1
The Ancient World
1
2.2
The World: 500 – 1500
7
2.3
Toward Modernity
13
2.4
The Age of Revolution
20
He notes that Adventures of Ideas focuses on European History and
its sources in Greek and Hebrew culture and civilization; the book is,
in part, an attempt to identify the theoretical background of meaning
and interpretation for the European tradition
2.5
The Modern World
26
1.4.2
32
[A special case of variation and selection]
Most Recent Update
1
HISTORY: INTRODUCTION
1.1
REFERENCE
The outline below is compiled and taken from John A. Garraty and
Peter Gay, eds., The Columbia History of the World, 1972; and thus
there is no present claim to originality in content or organization
Force is ‘blind’; inspiration includes ideas and criticism; no novelty is
ever entirely novel: even within ‘force’ there is a constructive element
The history of civilization is the history (adventure) of ideas
Examples of force and ideas in European History: barbarians and
Christianity; industrial revolution and democracy
Whitehead would put ‘barbarians’ in quotes for this designation is
from the European perspective; objectively, for Europe,
‘barbarians’ functioned as ‘force’
In purpose, however, there is no explicit dependence on the above or
other work; naturally, of course, I absorb and process existing
thought, such as may have come to my attention
1.2
PURPOSES: HISTORY AS THE ‘STORY’ OF THOUGHT
AND ACTION
To give a sense of the processes and forces involved with sufficient
focus on:
Showing the interplay of ideas and action
Areas of consideration: religion, myth, art and literature;
philosophy, humanities, and the study of history; technology,
science, and mathematics; economic, exploration, commercial
and trade; law, military and political; education, meaning,
journey, and commitment
The general and the singular and their interplay in history and
power
The general: populations that may be thought of as
homogeneous for the purposes of the account, their processes
and their interactions; patriarchalism
The singular: individuals and singular events or small focal
groups of the same – especially those that are at focal points of
history; charisma
Showing the dynamics without having to resort to explicit theory
or concept; events and interactions will be selected to show the
dynamics and trends as a picture… without requiring or denying
any inference of pattern or predictability especially a principle of
pattern or predictability that can be generalized to application to
all history
An outline for History, a possible future work mentioned above
A framework for Journey in Being… especially the studies toward
Journey in Being – see Design for a Journey in Being… for:
Philosophy
Knowledge; the academic disciplines
Influence – History, the present document, as a History of
Influence
History as interplay between ‘force’ and ‘inspiration’
Whitehead, notes this as an example of relativity of perspective in
that the culture and ideas of the barbarians –e.g. the Goths and
other invading peoples– were advanced and refreshing
1.4.3
Kinds of influence
Society, function, change in interaction with ideas
Modern cosmology or ‘world view’ influences how individuals
experience their world
1.4.4
Sociological function, change and ideas
The human soul and the humanitarian ideal
Aspects of freedom; from force to persuasion
Foresight [and understanding which results in foresight] in social
function
1.4.5
Modern cosmology [metaphysics, world view] and
how individuals experience their world
Cosmology. Nature and the laws of nature; four types of cosmology:
cosmology is expressed in laws or understanding of the patterns of
nature regarding whose character there are four classic kinds of
interpretation; these are the schools of immanence, of imposition, of
mere description [positivism,] and of conventional interpretation;
cosmology, science and faith
Philosophy. Objectivity and subjectivity; Cartesianism;
coherences; appearance and reality; and philosophic method
time,
Civilization. Truth, beauty, adventure, and peace
2
HISTORY: A BRIEF OUTLINE
2.1
THE ANCIENT WORLD
2.1.1
Before History
2.1.1.1
The Universe
Here, I omit details; the history of the universe may later be covered
in Physics, below
The idea of an initial singularity [big bang] may explain features of
the known or visible universe; this does not imply that the history of
the entire universe known and unknown is described by such a
singularity. The domain of the unknown is, almost without doubt,
much larger if not infinitely larger than that of the known. From
physical cosmology it is understood that the known universe, almost
homogeneous on a large scale, is, perhaps, a mere bubble in a much
larger arena
From the sections on nothingness and general cosmology in Journey
in Being, a foundation of the vast spatio-temporal extent and variety
of larger arena, the one universe, may be seen in indeterminism and
the void. From the non-spatiotemporal, acausal void arises spacetime-actuality and causation and law; and law includes physics but is
not restricted to the physics of the known universe and may be much
more varied
2
2.1.1.2
2.1.1.3
Geological Evolution of Earth: Geochronology
Evolution of Life on Earth: Biochronology
ERA
PERIOD
EPOCH
ARCHEOZOIC
PROTEROZOID
[primitive and
soft life
forms]
Precambrian
periods
Numerous minor
sub-divisions of
only local
application
TIME OF
BEGINNING
GEO- AND BIOLOGICAL EVENTS
[millions of years ago]
PALEOZOIC
[origin and
rise of shelled
invertebrates
and
vertebrates;
abundance of
fishes and
amphibians;
first reptiles]
CENOZOIC
[Age of
Mammals]
4,000 [?]
Origin of earth and solar system
Origin of life in a reducing atmosphere leading later to
production of oxygen
2,500 [?]
Photosynthetic oxygen; permitted first global oxidation
of iron ores
1,500 [?]
First primitive soft-bodied animals; main types of
invertebrates and some aquatic plants
700
Great Eocambrian Ice Age
Cambrian
600
Many aquatic, some land plants; trilobites, brachiopods
and many other invertebrates; first shell-forming
invertebrates – attributed to rising alkalinity of the
ocean: shell fossils common
Ordovician
500
Ice Age in Africa
Earliest known chordates; graptolites and corals
widespread
Silurian
435
Caledonian mountain building
Club mosses and other primitive land plants abundant;
some arthropods may have invaded land
Devonian
395
Acadian mountain building
Fishes abundant; first amphibians; many land
arthropods; first horse-tails, ferns, liverworts
Mississippian
345
Huge forests of primitive plants; great coal age,
reduction of carbon dioxide and rise in atmospheric
oxygen
Age of amphibians
Pennsylvanian
310
Hercynian-Appalachian mountain building
Reptiles appear
Permian
280
Ice age in South America, Africa, Australia, India and
Antarctica
Extinction of many Paleozoic organisms such as
trilobites; amphibians decrease in influence
Triassic
230
Beginning of major continental drift; world-wide red
beds
Forests of conifers and cycads; Age of Reptiles begins:
reptiles abundant and varied; first mammals
Jurassic
180
Age of Ammonites; mild world climate; first birds
Cretaceous
135
Age of Chalk [planktonic foraminifera;] extinction of
dinosaurs and many other Mesozoic organisms;
flowering plants appear
Paleocene
67
Alpine mountain building world-wide and continuing
through the Tertiary period
Mammals abundant; first primates; flowering plants
abundant
Eocene
58
Oligocene
36
Miocene
25
Evolution of grasses and modern type mammals and
birds
Pliocene
Earliest hominids
7
Increasing mountain glaciation
Freezing of Antarctic begins 3 – 4 million years ago;
20 to 90 thousand year Milankovitch [Yugoslav
scientist who worked out the mathematics of their
prediction] cycles of glaciation and mild climate results
in buildup of Antarctic ice since less ice melts than was
formed each cycle, in drier climate and lower ocean
levels
Carboniferous
MESOZOIC
[Age of
Reptiles]
4,600
Tertiary
Table 1 Bio-Geochronology of Earth. Compiled from The Columbia History of the World, 1972
CENOZOIC –
continued
[Age of
Mammals]
Tertiary
continued
Quaternary
[Except for
the Holocene,
the dates are
not known to
be exact; and
there is
difficulty with
correlation of
glacial periods
to the north
and periods of
intense rain in
the tropical
and
subtropical
belts]
–
Pliocene –
continued
Earliest hominids
Pleistocene
Earliest known human [hominid] fossils 4 million years
ago from the Omo River in Ethiopia; for purposes of
demarcation, Man is defined as the primate that
habitually makes and uses tools. The earliest hominids
are collectively known as Australopithecines but there
is speculation though no clear evidence that the
earliest Australopithecines were associated with tools
2
Great Ice Age, time of Stone Age man; growth of major
deserts
Villafranchian or
Early Pleistocene
Earliest fossil
evidence of
hominids
2 [2,000,000]
The earliest evidence that at least some
Australopithecines were human in character comes
form Olduvai Gorge in Tanganyika: where fossils dated
at 1,750,000 years old are associated with crude stone
tools made for chopping. The Australopithecines form
two major groups: Australopithecus –smaller and
more delicate– and Paranthropus, larger, heavier
boned, roughly the size of a gorilla. It has been
speculated that Australopithecus was more modern
and evolved, and provided the tools to Paranthropus
who may have furnished part of Australopithecus’ diet
The advance and retreat of glaciers pushes climate
belts toward and away from the equator; drier
conditions lead to thinning of sub-tropical belts and
desertification; buildup of mountains due less erosion;
and successive glaciations scoured deeper and deeper
valleys; and consequent saltation along all the great
rivers where numerous fossils ranging from ancestral
horse to mammoth of the period are found
The regular use and making of tools provides relative
adaptive advantages but also increases importance of
adaptation to the behavioral environment especially
the flexible thumb and upright posture for the use of
tools
Early
Middle
Pleistocene
0.6 [600,000]
Günz [Nebraskan in America] and Mindel [Kansan]
Glaciations, First Interglacial period
Paranthropus dies out but may have interbred with
Australopithecus; thus the latter or both are at the
root of Modern Man
Hominids spread from tropical Africa, north to North
Africa and Europe, east across southern Asia as far as
China. The earlier fossils belong to the evolutionary
stage Pithecanthropus, intermediate between
Australopithecus and Paranthropus; they were
successful hunters especially of deer, used fire, ate
their dead; much is known about their skeletal
remains but little about their tools which were
primitive choppers and flakes
Late
Middle
Pleistocene
0.275 [275,000]
Second Interglacial and Riss [Illinoian] Glaciation
Many human artifacts but few fossils from this period
have been found – the Steinhem [Germany] and
Swanscombe [England] skulls; brain size was
comparable to that of modern man and show a
combination of modern and primitive characteristics;
use of primitive tools coexist with the Biphase tradition
– chipped on both faces, spread throughout Africa,
western and southern Europe, southern Asia as far as
India, resulting in refinement of hand axes, new tool
forms and techniques and an aesthetic element: this
later technology required an opposable thumb but this
does not mean that the different traditions were those
of fundamentally different kinds of men
Most uniquely human behavioral patterns were
probably established by the end of this period if not
earlier including: language and transmission of culture,
permanent association of males and females in small
food-getting and child-rearing units co-evolving with
year round availability of the female
Table 2 Bio-Geochronology of Earth – continued. Compiled from The Columbia History of the World, 1972
4
CENOZOIC –
continued
[Age
Mammals]
Quaternary –
continued
Late Pleistocene
0.095 [95,000]
of
Holocene
0.01 [10,000]
Third Interglacial and Würm [Wisconsin] Glaciation;
the last melting began hesitantly 17,000 years ago:
sea levels rose about 10 feet a century – a likely
source of the stories of the great flood
Numerous hominid fossils, many belonging to modern
man, Homo sapiens alongside “Neanderthal man,”
more “primitive” in appearance but possessed of a
larger brain than modern man. The most likely view is
that the Neanderthal was a racial variant of and
interbred with modern man; about 40,000 years ago
the Neanderthals began to be replaced by completely
modern man; Neanderthals may have lasted until the
end of the Late Pleistocene
Throughout Europe, North Africa and Southern Asia,
the new peoples carried a new kind of culture called
Upper Paleolithic characterized by: stone artifacts
made on long, narrow flakes called blades, many
specialized tools and weapons, use of bone and
antlers in artifacts, stone tips for spears, traps,
encircling of prey, a lunar calendar to predict
movement of game, artificial shelters; burial of the
dead and a highly developed art indicating a new
richness of spiritual life
Last great expansion of the human world into Australia
and Siberia and from there across the Bering Strait in
to the “New World”
Recent development of agricultural, industrial, and
literate man
About 10,000 years ago, with the end of the last
melting, thermal levels rose, glaciers retreated, sea
levels rose, many watered areas began to dry out, the
environments of the lower latitude became more
diversified and impoverished, many large game
animals became extinct. In response Human culture of
the Holocene became much more regionally varied,
plant and animal husbandry started and made
possible: fixed year round settlements, growth of large
dense populations, and civilization as we know it:
urbanization, stratified, specialized, politically
organized societies. Cultivation and domestication of
animals began in two areas: from Mesopotamia to
China, and America from Mexico to Peru
Man’s impact on the environment becomes significant
in the Milankovitch cycle and associated events such
as desertification
Table 3 Bio-Geochronology of Earth – continued. Compiled from The Columbia History of the World, 1972
2.1.1.4
9000
End of the Ice Age; domesticated sheep in
the North Tigris valley
7700
Çatal Huyuk, Turkey; obsidian mined for
tools; fertility cult
Stone tools
7000
Pottery
Pithecanthropus evolves
6500
Copper
0.2
Possible Homo sapiens; use of fire
3300
95K
Homo sapiens; burial of the dead
Writing, wheel, sailboats, animal plows in
Sumer
40K
Modern Homo sapiens; Upper Paleolithic
culture
3100
Hieroglyphic writing in Egypt
2350
Sargon I of Agade, first known empire
2100
Supremacy of Ur in Lower Mesopotamia; laws
of Ur-Nammu of Ur, first known law book
1800
Assyrian temple for the Sumerian god, Enlil
Human Evolution
Further details are in the table above
BC
4M
1.75
0.6
30K
Art
10K
Holocene epoch: end of last ice-age
9K
2.1.2
2.1.2.1
BC
Earliest known hominids
Beginnings
of
animal
husbandry
–
domesticated sheep in the Tigris Valley,
agriculture
2.1.2.2
BC
Egypt
1550-1200
Wheeled vehicles common, bronze, bellows
and other labor saving tools
1375-1358
Amarna age; Ikhnaton’s religious reforms
The Ancient Near East
Mesopotamia
10,000
Wooden reaping knives set with flint blades
used in Palestine
2.1.2.3
BC
The New Levant: Syria and Palestine
2000-500
Establishment of desert religions
5
1550
Hyskos I expelled from Egypt; new model
Egyptian army using chariots and composite
bows
1525
Thutmose I claims Syria to the Euphrates
1500
Invention of alphabetic writing in Syria
1200
Iron use common
1100
Camel use common in North Arabia; lime
plaster used to make watertight cisterns
opens up dry areas for settlement
2.1.3
2.1.3.1
2.1.3.1.1
BC
2.1.3.1.2
BC
3000-1500
Indus Valley Civilization
1500-1200
Aryan invasion; earliest hymns of the RgVeda
c. 550
185-100
770-256
Eastern Chou dynasty
551-479
Traditional dates of Confucius
Age of Warring States
223
Ch’in annihilates Ch’u
First expansion of Chinese empire
213
Burning of the Books
210
Death of First Emperor
206
Destruction of Imperial Library
Former Han dynasty
191
Book Burning edict rescinded
141
Legalists excluded from government careers
124
Imperial Academy established
Olympic Games
770
First Greek
mainland
Regency established
51
Peace between China and Hsiung-nu
9-23
Interregnum of Wang Mang
Later Han dynasty
49
Peace between China and Southern Hsiungnu
65
First Chinese reference to Buddhism
89
Regency reintroduced
China divided
265-316
Western Chin dynasty
317-589
Loss of northern China
China divided
Classical Antiquity: Jews and Greeks
Jews
1250
Israelites invade Palestine
Iliad and Odyssey reach their present forms
Pisistratus becomes tyrant of Athens
Pisistratus family expelled from Athens
540
Xenophanes, philosophic monism; “Second
Isaiah,” nationalistic monotheism
525
Pythagoras, the philosophic life
499
Ionian cities, aided by Athens, revolt from
Persia
490
Battle of Marathon
478
Athens creates the Delian League
liberation of Greece from Persia
475
Parmenides:
opposition
of
reality
[changeless] to appearance [changing]
458
Aeschylus’ Oresteia
447
Beginning of Parthenon
447
Sophist study of argument, rhetoric; Pindar
[lyric
poetry,]
Sophocles
[tragedy,]
Herodotus [history,] Phidias [sculpture
431-74
Socrates [moral philosophy,] Hippocrates
[rational medicine,] Democritus [atomism,]
Aristophanes [comedy,] Euripides [tragedy,]
Thucydides [history]
for
Peloponnesian war: defeat of Athenian fleet
The Fourth Century to the Death of Alexander
404-37
Spartan hegemony in Greece
Trial and execution of Socrates
Plato teaching in Athens
359
Philip II: King of Macedonia, consequences of
specialization in war
338
Aristotle, Diogenes, Demosthenes
Ascent to death, at age 32, of Alexander:
conquest from the Macedonian Empire to
Indus Valley
2.1.4.6
The Hellenistic World
BC
323-276
c. 290
275-215
c. 175
BC
Italian
510
336-323
2.1.5.1
on
560
371-362
2.1.5
Cumae,
Thales of Miletus, beginnings of natural
philosophy
399
Uprising of Yellow Turbans
220-265
316
BC
colony,
585
431-404
2.1.4.5
Second expansion of Chinese empire
87
184
BC
Ch’in dynasty
214
25-220
2.1.4.1
Alphabet
776
The Chinese Empire: The Formative Period
127-101
2.1.4
Beginning of Iron Age in China
403-221
206-AD 9
AD
780
Shang dynasty [according to Bamboo Annals]
Western Chou dynasty
221-207
BC
Laws of Manu
1027-771
c. 500
The Century of Minor Powers [omitted]
Persia and Athens
Birth of Mahavira and Gautama
Early China
1523-1027
The Great Divide [omitted]
750-700
Later Vedas, Brahmanas, Early Upanishads
BC
BC
BC
Composition of Rg-Veda
Rise of Jainism and Buddhism
2.1.3.3
2.1.4.3
2.1.4.4
Vedic Era
1200-900
King Asa of Jordan bans worship of gods
other than Yahweh
Some elements incorporated below
Early India
Prehistoric India
900-500
BC
2.1.4.2
Asian Civilization
2.1.3.1.3
2.1.3.2
900
Wars of Alexander’s successors…
The Colossus of Rhodes
Aristarchus,
Archimedes,
Eratosthenes,
Theocritus, Apollonius Rhodius, Manetho and
Berossus
The great altar of Pergamum
Classical Antiquity: Rome
The Roman Republic
387
Rome destroyed by the Celts
338
Rome in control of Latium
200-
Rome defeats Philip of Macedon; Leads to
ascent of Rome, 800 years of stable power
with basis in: granting of citizenship to slaves
6
197
67-62
2.1.5.2
BC
2.1.5.3
and consequent loyalty
unification with other cities
to
Rome
and
Julius Caesar
Conquest of Gaul [France, Belgium, parts of
Holland,
Germany
and
Switzerland;]
flowering of Latin literature: Lucretius,
Catullus, Cicero, and Caesar
751
Arabs learn papermaking from captured
Chinese prisoners; use of paper spreads
westward in the empire
765
School of medicine founded in Baghdad
48
Defeats Pompey at Pharsalus
767
Death of Abu Hanifa, founder of Hanifite
School of Law
785
Building of Great Mosque of Cordova by Abd
al-Rahman
795
Death of Anas ibn Malik, founder of Malikite
School of Law
813-833
Translation movement; Arabic science and
learning flourishes; espousal of Mu’tazilism as
the official theology
815
Death of Abu Niwas, celebrated poet of
Abbasid court
820
Death of Shafi’i, founder of Shafi’ite School of
Law
850
Death of Kindi, first Arab philosopher
855
Death of Ahmad ibn Hanbal, founder of
Hanbalite School of Law
876
Building of ibn Tulun mosque in Cairo
877
Death of Hunayn ibn Ishaq, most prominent
translator of Greek works
48-47
In Egypt with Cleopatra VII
46
Reform of Roman Calendar
44
Assassinated
Augustan Empire
Classic age of Latin literature: Virgil, Horace,
Livy, Ovid, Seneca, Petronius
AD
6
Judea taken over by Romans; revolutionary
“Messianic” movements develop
30
75-100
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.1.1
2.2.1.2
Arab coinage introduced by Abd al-Malik;
Arabic
becomes
official
administrative
language of the empire
58
31- AD 68
AD
Great Mosque of Qayrawan in Tunisia
696
Pompey: suppression of piracy; campaigns
BC
2.1.5.4
2.1.5.5
670
Jesus crucified
Four Gospels written
The Later Roman Empire
Late Roman society and culture [interaction of power,
knowledge and faith]
250
Plotinus, Neoplatonism begins
381
Council of Constantinople; Doctrine of the
Trinity completed
391
Theodosius I prohibits all pagan worship
410
Sack of Rome by Visigoths followed by
Christian Apologetics, notably Augustine’s
City of God
922
Execution of Hallaj, Sufi Mystic, for heresy
925
Death of Razi, physician and scientist
431
Council of Ephesus
950
Death of Farabi, philosopher
451
Council of Chalcedon
965
Death of Mutanabbi, neoclassical poet
496
Conversion of Franks to Christianity
970
Mosque-University of al-Azhar built in Cairo
by the Fatimids
534
Completion of Justinian’s law code
1010
641
Death of Heraclius; Gospels have been
translated into 10 languages; Christian
missionaries working in China
Firdawsi, Persian poet, completes his Epic of
Kings
1030
Death of Biruni, physician, physicist,
astronomer, mathematician, geographer, and
historian
1037
Death of ibn Sina [Avicenna,] physician and
philosopher
1067
Nizmiyya Madrasa academy established in
Baghdad; Ash’arasim established as orthodox
theology
1111
Death of Ghazali, mystic and theologian
1123
Death of Omar
astronomer
1198
Death of ibn Rushd [Averroes,] Aristotelian
philosopher
THE WORLD: 500 – 1500
The Arabs
The Arabs and the Rise of Islam
The Disruption and Decline of the Arab Empire
BC
853
AD
24
First reference to Arabs in an inscription of
the Assyrian Shalmaneser
Expedition of Aelius Gallus to South Arabia
Khayyam,
poet
and
530
Christian Abyssinia’s invasion of South Arabia
570
Birth of Muhammad in Mecca
622
Hijra [migration] of Muhammad from Mecca
to Medina; beginning of the Islamic era
1229
Death of Yaqut, geographer
630
Mecca conquered by Muhammad
becomes the spiritual center of Islam
and
1273
Death of Jalal al-Din al-Rumi, Persian mystic
and poet
632
Death of Muhammad; succession of Abu Bakr
as the first caliph
1325
Ibn Batuta begins his travels
1353
Completion of Alhambra in Granada
1390
Death of Hafiz, Persian lyric poet
1406
Death of ibn Khaldun, Arab historian
632-786
786
786-c.1600
1639
Ascent of Arab Empire
Accession of Harun al-Rashid; Abbasid courtly
life at its best
Disruption and decline of the Arab Empire
Ottomans seize Iraq from Persia
2.2.1.3
Islamic Civilization
AD
500-622
650
Pre-Islamic poetry flourishes in Arabia
Official version of Koran
2.2.1.4
Jews in the Arab World
AD
500-550
c. 650
760-763
c. 760
Compilation of the Babylonian Talmud
Beginning of Babylonian Gaonate
Gaonate of Yehudai
Anan, religious leader
7
c. 800
882-942
c.950
2.2.2
1024
World’s first paper currency
Saadiah Gaon
1044
Peace between China and His-hsia
Hasdai ibn Shaprut of Cordova, physician and
scholar
1069-1075
968-1038
Gaonate of Sherira and Hai
992-1055
Samuel ibn Nagrela of Granada
1127-1279
Southern Sung dynasty
1130-1200
Chu Hsi
c.1000-1148
Golden Age of Spanish Hebrew Literature
c.1075-1141
Judah ha-Levi, poet
1135-1204
Moses Maimonedes
1147-1148
Almohade conquest of Spain
1125
2.2.2.3
AD
Asia and Africa
2.2.2.1
AD
Beginning of Karaite sect
Sub-Saharan Africa
c. 3-4th cent.
4th cent.
c. 800
Founding of kingdom of Kanem
Liao empire destroyed
1135
Lin-an capital of Southern Sung
1141
Peace between China and Chin
The Chinese Empire: Foreign Powers
c. 1167-1227
Chinggis Khan
1217
Mongols conquer Tarim Basin
1221
Mongols conquer
Afghanistan
1222
Chinggis Khan raids India
1227
Mongols conquer His-hsia
Rise of empire of Ghana
Rise of Christian Kingdom of Axum [Ethiopia]
Wang An-shih in power
Turkestan
c. 1040
Mission of Abdallah to the Goddala
c. 1075
Almoravid conquest of Ghana
1234
Mongols conquer Chin empire
c. 1090
Conversion to Islam of Mai of Kanem
1238
Mongols take Moscow
11th-114th cents.
c. 1100
12th-16th cents.
c. 1200
1229-1241
West
Building of “Great Zimbabwe” complex
Earliest evidence of stone mosques on East
African coast; founding of Timbuktu
Rule of Zagwe dynasty in Ethiopia
Rise of sultanate of Kilwa
1230
Accession of sun Dyata of Mali
1235
Battle of Kirina
c. 1464
1258
Mongols take Baghdad, conquer Korea
1275-1292
1279
1280-1367
Pilgrimage to Mecca of Musa I, mansa of Mali
Accession of sonni Ali Ber of Songhai
Möngke Great Khan
Mongols conquer Nan-chao and eastern Tibet
1274
Sack of Ghana by Sumanguru of Susu
Ögödei Great Khan
1252
1260-1294
1203
1324-1325
1251-1259
Khubilai Great Khan
Mongols raid Kyūshū
Marco Polo in China
Mongols conquer Southern Sung
Yüan dynasty
1281
Unsuccessful Mongol invasion of Kyūshū
1293
Unsuccessful Mongol invasion of Java
1482
Building of Elmina Castle [São Jorge da Mina]
1268-1644
Ming dynasty
1488
Doubling of Cape
Bartholomeu Dias
1336-1405
Timur [Tamerlane]
of
Good
Hope
by
1493
Accession of askiya Muhammad the Great of
Songhai
1498
Arrival of Portuguese on East African coast
1590-1591
2.2.2.2
The Chinese Empire: The Great Era
AD
561-618
Sui dynasty
605-610
Grand Canal built
612-614
Korean campaigns
618-907
T’ang dynasty
627-649
Reign of T’ai-tsung
630
Defeat of Eastern Turks
656
Defeat of Western Turks
690-705
Reign of Empress Wu
713-755
Reign of Hsüan-tsung
751
Battle of Talas River
755
Rebellion of An Lu-shan
780
Tax reform
821
840
841-845
879
907-960
960-1126
1004
1424
1405-1433
Moroccan invasion of the western Sudan
2.2.2.4
Death of Yung-lo Emperor
Voyages of Cheng Ho
1419
Death of Tsong-kha-pa
1421
Peking capital of China
1428
Annam independent
1449
Oirats raid China
1514
Coming of the Westerners
1522
Tax reform
1550
Tatars raid China
1557
Portuguese gain possession of Macao
1607
Peace between China and Japan
1618
Outbreak of fighting between Manchus and
China
1644
Suicide of last Ming emperor; Manchus enter
Peking
Early Japan
552
Traditional and approximate date for the
introduction of Buddhism from Korea
Peace between China and Tibet
710
First permanent capital at Nara
Uighur empire destroyed
794
Capital at Heian-kyō [Kyoto]
Religious persecutions
Looting of Canton
China divided
Northern Sung dynasty
Peace between China and Liao
AD
and
1185
Minamoto clan victorious in struggle with
Taira
1192
Minamoto Yoritomo receives title of Shogun
1274, 1281
1333
Abortive attempts by Mongols under Khubilai
Khan to invade Japan
Overthrow of Kamakura shogunate
8
1338
2.2.2.5
AD
500
End of Gupta dynasty
c. 540
Rise of Chalukyas at Vatapi
711
c. 750
760
Rise of imperial
Rashtrakutas
Pratiharas;
rise
Frankish Kings and Western Emperors [Since 800]
416-751
Merovingian house
741-928
Carolingian house
768-814
Charlemagne
813-840
Louis the Pious
876-888
Charles III the Fat
German Kings and Emperors
919-1024
Arab invasion of Sindh
of
Henry I the Fowler
936-972
Otto I
1024-1137
2.2.3.1.4
Otto III
Salian house
French Kings
888/987 ff.
2.2.3.1.5
Saxon or Ottonian house
910-936
983-1002
Palas in Bengal
Reemergence of Chalukyan power and defeat
of Rashtrakutas
Capetian house
Roman Pontiffs
1001
Beginning of raids by Turks under Mahmud of
Ghazni
392-496
Gelasius I
1024
Destruction of Somnath by Mahmud
590-604
Gregory I
1175
First Indian expedition by Muhammad Ghuri
858-867
Nicholas I
1192
Defeat at Tarain of Prithvi Raja by the Turks
1073-1085
Gregory VII
1206-1290
Slave dynasty [beginning of Delhi Sultanate]
1088-1099
Urban II
1290-1320
Khalji Sultans
1130-1143
Innocent II
1320-1413
Tughluq Sultans
2.2.3.1.6
Ecclesiastical Intellectuals
260-340
Lactantius
1336
Founding of Vijayanagar
1347
founding of Bahmani Sultanate
1398
Invasion of Timur
354-430
St. Augustine
Sayyid Sultans
816-840
Agobard, archbishop of Lyons
c. 340-420
c. 810-c. 877
Lodi Sultans
847-882
Arrival of Vasco da Gama
Southeast Asia
2.2.3.2
Reign of Jayavarman I [Khmer]
2.2.3.2.1
671
Visit to Srivijaya of pilgrim I-tsing
AD
732
929
c. 657-681
1002-1050
1044
c. 1222
Jerome
Johannes Scotus Erigena
Hincmar, archbishop of Reims
The High Middle Ages
Roman Pontiffs
1198-1216
Innocent III
Accession of Sanjaya [Java]
1294-1303
Boniface VIII
Accession of Sindok [Java]
1316-1334
John XXII
Reign of Suryavarman I [Khmer]
2.2.3.2.2
German Emperors
Founding of Empire of Pagan [Burma]
1138-1268
Hohenstaufen house
Founding of Singosari [Java]
1212-1250
Frederick II
1268
Accession of Kertanagara [Java]
1287
Mongol conquest of Pagan [Burma]
1292
Visit of Marco Polo to Perlak [Sumatra]
1293
Mongol invasion of Java; founding of Empire
of Majapahit
1268
1314-1347
2.2.3.2.3
1154 ff.
987-1328
Rule of Gaja Mada, mapatih of Majapahit
1285-1314
1350
Founding of T’ai kingdom of Ayt’ia [Siam]
12566/1268 ff.
Founding of Malacca
2.2.3.2.4
1431
Fall of Angkor [Khmer]
910
Reign of Trailok [Siam]
1098
Promulgation of the “Palace Law” of Siam
1511
Portuguese conquest of Malacca
1118/1128
Medieval Europe
Early Middle Ages
Roman and Byzantine Emperors
Louis of Bavaria, Wittelsbach
England’s Angevine house
France’s Capetians
Philip IV the Fair
Anjou cadet line in Sicily-Naples
Orders of the Church
1448-1488
1450
Death of Conradin
English and French Princes
1330-1364
c. 1402
AD
Spread of Buddhism to Nepal and Tibet
c. 970
1498
2.2.3.1.1
2.2.3.1.3
Rise of Cholas and defeat of Pallavis
1451-1426
2.2.3.1
Harsha of Kanauj
c. 846
1414-1451
2.2.3
Pandyas ruling at Madurai
c. 540
700-800
AD
2.2.3.1.2
India
c. 606-646
2.2.2.6
Establishment of new shogunate dynasty, the
Ashikaga
Cluny [reformed Benedictine]
Cistercian order
Templars [military order]
1120
Premonstratensians [canons-regular]
1201
Humiliati [quasi-mendicant]
1209
Franciscans [mendicant]
1215
Dominicans [mendicant]
284-305
Diocletian
306-337
Constantine
1079-1142
Peter Abelard
527-565
Justinian I
1090-1153
Bernard of Clairvaux
717-741
Leo I the Isaurian
2.2.3.2.5
Churchmen and Intellectuals
9
1126-1198
Averroes
c. 1130-1202
Joachim of Fiore
1225-1274
Thomas Aquinas
2.2.3.2.6
2.2.3.3
1516
1648-1658
1666
Church Councils
1179
III Lateran
1215
IV Lateran
1245
I Lyon
1274
II Lyon
1311
Vienne
2.2.4
2.2.4.1
AD
2.2.3.3.1
Princes and Dynasties
AD 1272/
1314/1438 ff.
2.2.3.3.2
French Capetians replaced by Valois
1485
English Angevins replaced by Tudors
Soldiers, Magistrates, Artists, and Businessmen
c. 1267-1337
1313-1354
1394
Cola, son of Rienzi
Jacques Coeur
John Fortescue
Intellectuals
1282
c. 1214-1292
1274-1208
Bonaventure
Death of Siger of Brabant
Roger Bacon
c. 1250-1312
Peter Dubois
c. 1240-1313
Arnold of Villanova
c.1235-1315
1265-1321
1328
Raymond Lull
Dante Alighieri
Death of John of Jandun
c. 1275-1342
Marsiglio of Padua
c. 1300-1349
William of Ockham
1304-1374
Francis Petrarch
John Wycliffe
2.2.4.2
c. 1369-1415
John Hus
AD
Martin Luther
425
in
Sabbetai Zevi’s abortive messianic movement
collapses
Dedication of the city of Constantinople
Reign of Justinian the Great
The Slavs reach the Peloponnese
610
Accession of Heraclius I
636
First Arab defeat of Byzantium; beginning of
the conquest of Syria and Asia Minor
641
Arab conquest of Byzantine Egypt
717
Lifting of the last Arab
Constantinople by Leo III
siege
717-796
Isaurian dynasty
726-730
Beginning of the Iconoclastic Controversy
of
763
Constantine V’s victory over the Bulgars at
Anchialus
787
Restoration of images by the Second Council
of Nicaea
796
Coup d’état of Irene
800
Coronation of Charlemagne at Rome
813
First Bulgar siege of Constantinople
815
Beginning of the second period of iconoclasm
Amorian dynasty
828
Arabs begin the conquest of Byzantine Sicily
838
Arabs take Amorium
843
Council of Orthodoxy ends the Iconoclastic
Controversy
863
Michael III’s victory over the Arabs at Poson
Cyrillo-Methodian mission to the Slavs
864
Conversion of Boris-Michael of Bulgaria
867
Murder of Michael III; accession of Basil I the
Macedonian
Later Byzantium
867-1056
Macedonian dynasty
876
Jewish Calendar committed to writing by
Hillel II
Byzantine recapture of the Cicilian gates;
beginning of Byzantine reconquest of
southern Italy
926
Second Bulgar siege of Constantinople
End of Jewish patriarchate
931
Beginning of Byzantine reconquest of Syria
The Jews in Medieval Europe
c. 359
massacres
578
863-864
c. 1329-1384
1483-1546
330
820-867
John Duns Scotus
and
Early Byzantium
Death of John Hawkwood
c.1394-1476
1221-1274
AD
Giotto, son of Bondone, of Florence
c. 1395-1456
2.2.3.3.3
2.2.3.4
Hapsburg Emperors
1328
Chmielnicki uprisings
Ukraine and Poland
Byzantium
527-565
The Late Middle Ages
Establishment of ghetto in Venice
944-959
Reign of Constantine VII of Porphyrogenitus
425-475
Compilation of Palestinian Talmud
613-711
Visigothic persecutions of the Jews in Spain
965
Byzantium retakes Crete and Cyprus
813-840
Reign of Louis the Pious; earliest known
diplomas of privileges to Jews
975
John I Tzimisces reconquers Syria and
Palestine
1144
Death of William of Norwich; beginning of
medieval blood accusation
976-1025
1215
Fourth Lateran Council; yellow badge
1290
Expulsion of Jews from England
1306
Expulsion of Jews from France
1348
Black Death persecutions;
ghettoization in Germany
1391
Pogroms in Spain; beginning of Marranism
beginning
1481
Inquisition proceedings begin in Spain
1492
Expulsion of Jews from Spain
of
Reign of Basil II
1000
Basil II’s campaign in Transcaucasia
1014
Basil II’s annihilation of the First Bulgarian
Empire
1041
Start of Norman conquest of southern Italy
1054
Great
Schism
Constantinople
1071
Seljuk defeat of Byzantium at Manazkert
1081-1185
between
Rome
and
Comnenian dynasty
1082
Grant of commercial privileges to Venice
1097
Arrival of the First Crusade at Constantinople
10
1143-1180
Reign of Manuel I
1159
Manuel I’s entrance into Antioch
1176
Byzantine defeat at Myriokephalon
1182
Massacre of the Latins at Constantinople
1185-1204
1204
1204-1261
Angeli dynasty
Sack of Constantinople by the Latins
Latin Empire of Constantinople; Lascarid
dynasty at Nicaea
1205
Defeat of the Latin Empire by the Bulgars
1230
Defeat of Epirus at Klokotnica
1259
Michael VIII’s defeat of
Pelagonia
1261
Michael VIII retakes Constantinople
1261-1453
the
Latins
at
Paleologue dynasty
1274
Union of Lyons
1282
Death of Michael VIII
1304
Revolt of the Catalan mercenaries
1346
Coronation of Stephen Dušan Czar of Serbia
1365
Ottoman capital shifted to Andrinople in
Thrace
1369
Journey of John V Paleologus to the West
1389
Ottoman victory at Kossovo
1396
Failure of the Crusade of Nicopolis
1399-1400
Journey of Manuel II Paleologus to the West
1438-1439
Council of Union at Florence
1444
Failure of the Crusade at Varna
1453
Ottomans capture Constantinople
11
2.2.4.3
The Slavs and Early Russia
SOUTHERN SLAVS
WESTERN SLAVS
EASTERN SLAVS [RUSSIA]
c. 517 Slavic tribes begin to cross the Danube into the Balkans
c. 679 Bulgars cross Danube
c. 680-1018 First Bulgarian Empire
c. 628-658 Principality of Samo in
Moravia
7th cent. Scandinavian infiltration of
Russia begins
846-864 Reign of Rastislav in Great
Moravia
c. 860 Riurik in Novgorod; first
Russian raid on Constantinople
863-864 Cyrillo-Methodian mission to
Moravia
c. 880-912 Rise of Kiev under Oleg
813 First Bulgar siege of Constantinople
864 Baptism of Boris-Michael of Bulgaria
906 Magyars Sack Great Moravia
10th cent. Premyszlid dynasty in
Bohemia; Piast dynast in Poland
c. 968 End of Khazar empire
992-1025 Reign of Boleslav the Brave
in Poland
989 Baptism of Vladimir of Kiev
1035-1054 Zenith of Kiev under
Laroslav the Wise; Metropolitan
of Kiev created
1102-1138 Boleslav III of Poland
1113-1135
Reign
of
Monmouth at Kiev
1140-1173 Vladimir
King of Poland
1157-1174
Reign
of
Bogolubskii at Suzdal
II
hereditary
1168-1196 Stephen Nemanja founds the
Serbian Empire
Vladimir
Andrei
1169 Suzdal sacks Kiev
1176-1212 Vsevolod “Big Net” prince
of Suzdal
1197-1207 John Asen [Kalojen] founds
the second Bulgarian Empire
1198-1205 Zenith of Galici under
Roman of Smolensk
1217 Coronation of Stephen I as Czar of
Serebia
1218-1241 Zenith of Second Bulgarian
Empire under John II Asen
1241 Mongol sack of Second Bulgarian
Empire
1223 Mongol defeat of the Russian
princes at Kalka
1241 Mongol sack of Poland
1242 Alexander Nevski’s victory over
the Teutonic Knights at Lake
Peipus; Golden Horde settles in
southern Russia
1253-1258 Zenith of Bohemia under
Ottokar the Great
1282 Mongols sack Galicia
1300 Wenceslas II of Bohemia king
of Poland
1301 Wenceslass III of Bohemia
crowned king of Hungary
1306 Accession of
dynasty in Bohemia
1336-1355 Zenith of
Stephen IV Dusan
Serbia
Luxemburg
under
1325-1341 Ivan I Kalita founds the
Muscovite state
1328 Metropolitan see moves from
Kiev to Moscow
1333 Restoration of Poland under
Casimir III
1347 Emperor Charles IV king of
Bohemia
Table 2 The Slavs and Early Russia. Compiled from The Columbia History of the World, 1972
1371 Ottoman victory over Serbia on the
Marica
1389 Ottoman victory at the first Battle of
Kossovo
1380 Dimitri Donskoi’s victory over
the Mongols at Kulikovo
1386 Marriage of Jadwiga of Poland
to Jagiello of Lithuania
1387 Galicia absorbed by Poland
1410 Polish defeat of the Teutonic
Knights at Tanenberg
1448 Ottoman victory at the second
Battle
of
Kossovo;
Ottoman
domination of the Balkans
1447 Union of Poland and Lithuania
1446 Second Peace of Thorn
1480 Ivan III proclaimed Czar and
Autocrat of Russia
1526 Ottoman victory at Mohács
1533-1584 Reign of Ivan IV the
Terrible
1547 Hapsburgs become hereditary
kings of Bohemia
1552-1556 Russians take Kazan and
Astrakhan
1572 End of Jagiellonian dynasty in
Poland
1598-1605 Boris Godunov Czar of
Russia
1604-1613 “Time of Troubles;” Polish
intervention in Russia
1613 Accession of
Romanov in Russia
Michael
I
1620 Battle of White Mountain; end
of Bohemian independence
Table 2 The Slavs and Early Russia – continued. Compiled from The Columbia History of the World, 1972
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.1.1
AD
TOWARD MODERNITY
The Renaissance and Reformation in Europe
The State System of the Italian Renaissance
1250
Death of Frederick II and beginning of the
imperial interregnum
1380
Removal of the papacy from Rome to
Avignon
1321
Death of Dante
c. 1325
Beginning of regular sea traffic between Italy
and northern Europe via the open Atlantic
1327
Earliest mention of an artillery piece in the
documents
1342
Petrarch’s Italia mia
1347
Outbreak of the Black Death
1378
Beginning of the Great Schism
1385-1402
Reign of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Duke of
Milan
1404-1414
Reign of Ladislas of Durazzo, King of Naples
1414
Opening of the Council of Constance
1434
Accession to power in Florence of Cosimo de’
Medici
1450
Francesco Sforza becomes Duke of Milan
1457
Publication of the first surviving dated printed
book
1469
Succession to power in Florence of Lorenzo
the Magnificent
1494
First French invasion of Italy; fall of the
Medici and reestablishment of the Florentine
Republic
1497
Vasco da Gama reaches India by sea
1502
The Spanish conquer Naples
1513
Machiavelli’s Prince
2.3.1.2
AD
1530
Fall of the last Florentine Republic; return of
the Medici
1535
Charles V occupies Milan as an imperial fief
Humanism and Society
1341
Petrarch crowned poet laureate on the
Capitoline in Rome
1353
Boccaccio’s Decameron
1375
Coluccio Salutati appointed chancellor of the
Florentine Republic
1404
Pier Paolo Vergerio’s Concerning Liberal
Studies, the first humanist treatise on
education
1414
Poggio Bracciolini discovers Quintillian’s De
institutione oratoria in the library of the
monastery of St. Gallen in Switzerland
1429
Leonardo
1440
Lorenzo Valla’s On the True Good [or On
Pleasure]
1450
Pope Nicholas V founds the Vatican Library
1456
Giannozzo Manetti enters the service of King
Alfonso of Naples
1462
Establishment of the Platonic Academy in
Florence
c. 1469
Marsilio Ficino finishes translating into Latin
the dialogues of Plato, the first complete
translation into any Western language
Florence
Bruni
finishes
his
History of
1469
Birth of Erasmus
1486
Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity
1505
Erasmus publishes Valla’s Annotations on the
1516
Pietro Pomponazzi’s On the Immortality of
of Man
New Testament
the Soul
13
2.3.1.3
AD
Renaissance Art
AD
Filippo Brunelleschi
1527
Sack of Rome by an imperial army
Donatello
1528
Basel and Berne accept Reformation
1530
Diet of Augsburg; German Protestant princes
declare faith in the Augsburg Confession
1534
Day of Placards; Act of Supremacy
1538
Geneva accepts the Reformation
1540
Society of Jesus approved by the pope
1542
Roman Inquisition established
1545
Opening of the Council of Trent
1546
Death of Martin Luther
1547
Battle of Milberg: Charles V defeats the
Protestant Schmalkaldic League
Giotto
1387-1455
Fra Angelico
1401-1428
Masaccio
1404-1472
Leon Battista Alberti
c. 1426-1492
Piero della Francesca
c. 1430-1516
Giovanni Bellini
1431-1506
Andrea Mantegna
1444-1510
Botticelli
1444-1514
Bramante
1452-1519
Leonardo da Vinci
1471-1528
Albrecht Dürer
1475-1564
Michelangelo
1477-1576
Titian
c. 1478-1510
2.3.1.5
Defeat of Hungarians by the Turks at the
Battle of Mohács
c. 1276-1337
c. 1386-1466
AD
Battle of Pavia; Francis I taken prisoner
1526
Duccio di Buoninsegna
1337-1466
2.3.1.4
1525
c. 1255-1319
Giorgione
1483-1520
Raphael
1494-1534
Correggio
1511-1574
Giorgio Vasari
1518-1590
Andrea Palladio
1518-1594
Tintoretto
1528-1588
Paolo Veronese
The Reformation: Doctrine
1505
Martin Luther joins the Augustinian Order
1512
Luther appointed professor of Holy Scriptures
at the University of Wittenberg
1516
First edition of the New Testament in Greek
1517
Luther’s theses against indulgences
1518
Zwingli called to be minister at Zurich
1520
Luther’s Open Letter to the Christian Nobility
of the German Nation, The Babylonian
Captivity of the Church, and On Christian
Liberty; Luther’s excommunication
1521
Diet of Worms
1524
Erasmus defends the freedom of the will
against Luther
1525
Conrad Grebel baptizes Georg Blaurock: the
beginning of Anabaptism; the Reformation
established in Zurich
2.3.1.6
AD
1547-1553
Reign of Edward VI of England
1547-1559
Reign of Henry II of France
1553-1558
Reign of Mary of England
1555
Religious Peace of Augsburg on the principle
of cuius regio, eius religio
1556
Abdication of Charles V in Spain and Empire;
accession of Phillip II of Spain
1559
Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis:
Hapsburg-Valois wars
end
of
The Counter Reformation
1528
Founding of the Capuchin order
1536
Commission of Cardinals established by Pope
Paul III to reform the papal court
1540
Founding of the Society of Jesus
1542
Roman Inquisition established by the papal
bull Licot ab initio
1545-1547
First session of the Council of Trent
1548
Publication of the Spiritual Exercises by St.
Ignatius of Loyola
1549
Death of Pope Paul III
1551-1552
Second session of the Council of Trent
1555
The Peace of Augsburg, religious-political
settlement of Germany; Gian Caraffa elected
as Pope Paul IV
1558
Diego Laynez elected general of the Society
of Jesus
1559
Death of Pope Paul III
Carlo Borromeo launches Catholic model
reform as archbishop of Milan
1527
The Schleitheim Confession, first Anabaptist
doctrinal statement
1560
1529
Colloquy of Marburg
1562
1531
Death of Zwingli at the Battle of Kappel
Neo-Scholasticism stimulated by publication
of the Loci Theologici of Melchor Cano
1534
First complete edition of Luther’s translation
of the Bible
1562-1563
Third and final session of the Council of Trent
1546
Death of Martin Luther
1564
Death of John Calvin
The Reformation: Society
1509-1547
Reign of Henry VIII of England
1515-1547
Reign of Francis I of France
1516
Concordat at Bologna
1519
Election of Charles V as Emperor
1521
Diet of Worms: beginning of Hapsburg-Valois
wars
1524-1525
Peasant Revolt in Germany
1564
Revised
Index
of
Prohibited
promulgated by Pope Pius IV
Books
1568
St. John of the Cross founds the discalced
Carmelites
1572
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in France
1573
Veronese called before the Inquisition to
defend the orthodoxy of his painting
1575
St. Philip Neri reforms and extends the
Oratory
1582
Death of St. Theresa of Avila
1584
Publication of the Jesuit educational program,
the Ratio Studiorum
14
2.3.2
2.3.2.1
AD
1586
Robert Bellarmine publishes Volume I of
1581
Revolutionary Estates General depose Philip
II as Lord of the Netherlands
1609
St. Francis of Sales publishes the Introduction
1584
Assassination of William of Orange
1585
Parma takes Antwerp;
behind the great rivers
Disputation of the Heretics of Our Times
to the Devout Life
1629
Edict of Restitution restores much land to the
Roman Church in Germany
1648
Peace of Westphalia
1545
Opening of Potosi mines, Bolivia
1556
Abdication of Charles V; his son, Philip II,
becomes king of Spain
1557
Bankruptcy of Spanish Crown
1568
Outbreak of revolt in Netherlands
1571
Victory of Lepanto, against Turks; repression
of revolt of the Moriscos
1575
El Greco arrives in Spain
1579
Disgrace and arrest of principal minister,
Antonio Pérez
1584
Direct Spanish intervention into French civil
wars
1587
Sir Francis Drake destroys Spanish fleet at
Cádiz
1588
Defeat of the Spanish Armada
1591
Revolt of Aragon
1597
1598
AD
AD
1609-1621
Truce between Republic
Netherlands and Spain
1625-1648
The Republic joins the anti-Spanish coalition
United
Peace of Westphalia; de jure recognition of
independence of the Republic
The Collapse of France
1561
Colloquium of Poissy
1562
Outbreak of civil war between Protestants
and royal troops
1572
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
1574
Death of Charles IX; assembly of Millau,
establishes firmer government for French
Protestants
1576
Jean Bodin publishes Six Books for the
Republic; Estates General of Blois, seeks
religious compromise and fails
Bankruptcy of the Spanish Crown
1578
Death of Phillip II: Phillip III, his son,
becomes king; Lope de Vega presents
Duke of Anjou invades Low Countries;
founding of the Order of the Holy Spirit
1579
Publication of the Vindiciae contre Tyrannes
1580
Publication of the first edition of the Essays
of Montaigne
1587
Battle of Coutras, first pitched battle won by
the Protestants
1588
Revolt of Paris against Henry III
1589
Assassination of the Guises on Henry III’s
orders; assassination of Henry III
1590
Battle of Ivey, victory of Henry IV against the
Catholic League
1593
Henry IV abjures Protestantism
1595
Henry IV absolved of his heresy by Pope
Clement VIII
1597
Siege of Amiens
1598
Treaty of Vervins, ends war between France
and Spain; Edict of Nantes
Cervantes publishes Part I of Don Quixote
1609
Expulsion of the Meriscos
1612
Suárez
1616
Spanish forced to leave Japan
1621
Rise to power of Count Duke Olivares
1628
Zurbarán, the painting of St. Serapion
1630
Velázquez completes painting Vulcan’s Forge
1640
Revolt of Catalans and Portuguese
1643
Defeat of Spanish army by French at Rocroi
publishes
Legislatore
De
Legibus
ac
Deo
The Rise of the Dutch Republic
1556
Abdication of Charles V of Hapsburg as Lord
of the Netherlands; succession of Philip II of
Spain
1559
Philip II leaves Netherlands and returns to
Spain, which becomes center of his
government; beginning of opposition of
higher nobility against government of king’s
confidants in the Netherlands
1572
the
Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis; death of Henry
II
1605
1566-1567
of
1559
Arcadia
2.3.2.2
Dutch drive the Spanish out of northern
Netherlands; attempts at liberation of the
south fail
1648
2.3.2.3
withdraw
1588-1609
Building the Early Modern State
The Golden Age of Spain
rebels
First outbreaks of large-scale revolts as well
as iconoclastic movements against the
Church; Philip II sends the Duke of Alva to
suppress the uprising; William of Orange
flees the country
Successful attack of William of Orange, who
occupies provinces of Holland and Zeeland
2.3.2.4
AD
Elizabethans and Puritans
1485
Battle of Bosworth; accession of Henry VII
1509
Death of Henry VII; accession of Henry VIII
1529
Fall of Cardinal Wolsey
1529-1536
Reformation of Parliament
1536-1540
Execution of Thomas Cromwell
1547
Death of Henry VIII; accession of Edward VI
1553
Death of Edward VI; accession of Mary I
1558
Death of Mary I; accession of Elizabeth I
1563
Thirty-Nine Articles; Statute of Apprentices
Elizabeth I excommunicated by Pope Pius V
1576
Other
provinces
join
[Pacification of Ghent]
rebellion
1570
1587
Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots
1579
Walloon nobility defects from the rebellion
[Treaty of Arras]; Alexander of Parma
commander of the Spanish troops
1588
Defeat of the Spanish Armada
1600
East India Company Chartered
1603
Death of Elizabeth I; accession of James I
the
15
1611
Authorized Version [King James Version] of
the Bible
1624
Richelieu enters and soon dominates royal
council; French-Dutch treaty
1618
Beginning of Thirty Years’ War
1626
1625
Death of James I; accession of Charles I
Defeat pf Danish troops in Brunswick by
Count Tilly
1628
Petition of Right adopted; assassination of
the Duke of Buckingham
1629
Edict of Restitution
1630
1629-1640
Period of personal rule: the “Eleven Years’
Tyranny”
Electoral Assembly of Regensburg insists on
Wallenstein’s resignation; Gustavus Adolphus
lands in northern Germany, is subsidized by
France
1631
Capture and massacre of Magdeburg
Battle of Lützen, Hapsburg defeat; death of
Gustavus Adolphus
1640
1641
Execution of the Earl of Strafford; Irish
Rebellion begins
1643
Death of John Pym
1645
1634
Assassination of Wallenstein
First Civil War
1635
Execution of William Laud, Archbishop of
Canterbury
Treaty of Prague; French declaration of war
against Spain
1636
Capture of Corbie by the Spanish
Revolt of the Nu-Pieds in France
1648
Second Civil War; Pride’s Purge
1639
1649
Execution of Charles I
1640
Revolts of the Catalans and the Portuguese
1643
Defeat of the Spanish by the French at the
Battle of Rocroi; war between Denmark and
Sweden
1646
Invasion of Bavaria by Swedish and French
troops
1648
Peace of Westphalia
1653-1658
Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell
1658
Death of Oliver Cromwell; succeeded as Lord
Protector by his son Richard
1660
Restoration of Charles II
1662
Beginning of the “Bartholomew Ejections”
following Act of Uniformity; expulsion of
ministers creates English Nonconformity
1670
Secret Treaty of Dover between Charles II
and Louis XIV
1678
Popish Plot
1679
Habeas Corpus Act
1679-1681
Exclusion crisis
1681-1685
Charles II rules without Parliament
1685
Death of Charles II; accession of James II
1688-1689
Glorious Revolution replaces James II with
William of Orange and Mary; Bill of Rights;
Mutiny Act; Toleration Act
1689-1697
War of the League of Augsburg [King
William’s War]
1694
Bank of England chartered; Triennial Act;
Death of Queen Mary
2.3.2.6
AD
The Rise of Modern Political Thought
1494
Invasion of Italy by French troops
1513-1521
Niccolò Machiavelli writes The Prince and The
1517
Martin Luther posts 95 theses on church door
at Wittenberg; Reformation usually dated
from this moment
1525
Sack of Rome
1562-1594
Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy
Series of religious wars in France
1572
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in Paris,
slaughter of the Huguenots
1576
Jean Bodin publishes Six Books of the
1594
Henry IV takes Paris
1610
Henry IV is assassinated
Republic
Treaty of Ryswick
1618-1648
1701
Act of Settlement
1642
Civil war begins in England
1702
Death of William III; accession of Queen
Anne
1649
Charles I of England beheaded
1651
Thomas Hobbes publishes Leviathan
War of the Spanish Succession [Queen
Anne’s War]
1656
James
1707
Act of Union with Scotland
1658
Oliver Cromwell dies
1713
Treaty of Utrecht
1660
1714
Death of Queen Anne; accession of King
George I
Restoration of the monarchy in England;
Charles II [1660-1685]
1661
1721
Sir Robert Walpole becomes Prime Minister
Louis XIV of France assumes sole rule after
Mazarin
1670
Baruch [Benedict de] Spinoza publishes,
anonymously, Tractacus Theologico-Politicus
1697
1702-1713
AD
Long
1632
1642-1646
2.3.2.5
Short
Parliament
[April-May];
Parliament convenes in November
The Thirty Years’ War
Thirty Years’ War
Harrington
Commonwealth of Oceana
publishes
The
1612
Ferdinand II becomes king of Hungary and
Bohemia
1685-1688
Reign of James II in England
1618
Defenestration of Prague
1688-1689
1620
Battle of White Mountain
Glorious Revolution; James II dethroned;
William and Mary
1621
End of the Spanish-Dutch truce
1690
1623
Maximilian of Bavaria receives electoral vote
held previously by Palatinate
John Locke publishes Two Treatises of Civil
Government, published ten years before
16
2.3.3
2.3.3.1
AD
2.3.3.2
AD
Toward One World
The Commercial Powers
1606
Peace of Sitvartorok
1630
Memorandum of Koça Bey
1494
Treaty of Tordesillas divides overseas world
between Spain and Portugal
1641-1687
Reign of Muhammad IV; abolition of the
1570’s
First raids by English and Dutch on Spanish
empire in South America; breakdown of
Portuguese monopoly in the Indian Ocean
1656-1676
Ottoman revival under Köprülü viziers
1600
Foundation
Company
of
the
English
East
India
1602
Foundation of the Dutch East India Company
1609
Foundation of the Bank of Amsterdam
1619
Foundation of the Bank of Hamburg
1621
Foundation of the Dutch West India Company
1624
Dutch drive English out of spice trade in the
East Indies
1629
Dutch obtain rights to trade at Arkhangelsk
1635
Foundation of Compagnie française des îles
d’Amerique
1639
English establish themselves in Madras
1651
Navigation Acts in England, directed against
Dutch trade
1652-1674
Period of Anglo-Dutch wars; peace of 1674
results in division of colonial spheres between
England and Holland, in which America goes
to England and East Indies go to Holland
1683
Second Ottoman siege of Vienna
1696
Capture of Azov by Peter the Great
1697
Eugene of Savoy’s defeat of the Ottomans at
Zenta
1699
Peace of Karlowitz
1703-1730
1689-1713
Period of Anglo-Dutch coalition wars against
France of Louis XIV
1713
Peace of Utrecht gives England trading rights
in Spanish American empire; decline of the
Dutch
1718
1359-1389
Victories of Nadir Shah in Transcaucasia
Reign of Mustafa III; Ayans granted official
status
1774
Treaty of Kuçuk Kaynarca
1783
Russian annexation of the Crimea
1792
Treaty of Jassy
1793
Selim III proclaims the “New Order”
1798-1799
Napoleon’s campaign in Egypt
1801
Russian annexation of Georgia
1804
Serbian revolt
Greek war of independence
1826
Massacre of the Janissaries; Ottoman fleet
sunk at Navarino
1829
Treaty of Andrinople
1833
Treaty of Unkiar-skellessi
1840
Treaty of London
Muhammad Ali
1841
Straits Convention
1853-1856
Reign of Murad I
Peace of Passarowitz
1757-1774
1822-1830
Reign of Orkhan I
Cultural revival under Ahmed III
1724-1730
The Ottoman Empire
1326-1359
devşirme
concedes
Egypt
to
Crimean War
1856
Hatt-i Humayun
1876
Mihrdat Pasa
Constitution
1365
Ottoman capital shifted to Andrinople in
Thrace
1371
Ottoman defeat of the Serbs on the Marica
1389
First Battle of Kossovo
1877
Ottoman Constitution allowed to lapse
1402
Defeat of Bajazet I Yilderim by Tamerlane
1878
Congress of Berlin
1444
Ottoman defeat of the Christian “Crusade” at
Varna
1883
Creation of Public Debt Control
1908
Formation of the Committee of Union and
Progress
[Young
Turks];
Constitution
Restored
1909
Deposition of Abdul-Hamid II
1448
1451-1481
Second Battle of Kossovo
Reign of Muhammad II the Conqueror
the
Ottoman
1453
Ottoman capture of Constantinople
Muhammad II the Conqueror
1514
Ottoman defeat of the Safavids at Caldiran
1415
Portuguese capture of Ceuta
1517
Ottoman capture of Cairo; surrender of
Mecxa
1433
Cape Bojador rounded by Gil Eannes
1482
Building of Elmina Castle [São Jorge de Mina]
Reign of Suleiman I the Magnificent[Kanuni]
1484
Discovery of Congo estuary by Diogo Cão
1521
Ottoman capture of Belgrade
1488
1522
Ottoman capture of Rhodes
Doubling of Cape
Bartolomeu Dias
1526
Ottoman defeat of the Hungarians at Mohács
1492
1529
First Ottoman siege of Vienna; Ottomans
acquire Algerian bases
Discovery of America [Bahama Islands] by
Christopher Columbus
1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
1534
Ottoman capture of Tabriz and Iraq
1497
Voyage to North America by John Cabot
1536
Ottoman alliance with Francis I of France
1520-1566
1547
Larger part
Ottomans
of
Hungary
1555
Ottoman-Safavid peace
1571
Battle of Lepanto
ceded
to
by
proclaims
2.3.3.3
AD
European Voyages of Exploration
1497-1498
the
of
Good
Hope
by
Voyage to Calicut [India] by Vasco da Gama
1500
Discovery of Brazil by Pedro Cabral
1510
Portuguese capture of Goa
1513
First sighting of the Pacific by Núñez de
Balboa
17
1519-1521
Conquest of Mexico by Hernán Cortéz
1519-1522
Circumnavigation of the world: begun by
Ferdinand Magellan, completed by Sebastián
del Cano
1661-1722
Reign of K’ang-hsi Emperor in China
1675-1683
Ch’ing conquest of south China
Treaty of Zaragosa
1688-1704
Cultural brilliance during Genroku calendrical
era in Japan
1736-1796
Reign of Ch’ien-lung Emperor in China
1529
1531-1648
Conquest of Peru by Francisco Pizarro
1534-1535
Exploration of Gulf of St. Lawrence by
Jacques Cartier
1553
2.3.3.4
AD
Search for the Northwest Passage by Martin
Frobisher
1585
Planting of first English colony in North
America: Roanoke Island, North Carolina
1596
Voyage of William Barents to Novaya Zemlya
1600
Founding of the English East India Company
1602
Founding of the Netherlands East India
Company
1606
Discovery of Australia by Willem Janszoon
1642
Discovery of Tasmania and New Zealand by
Abel Tasman
2.3.3.6
BC
AD
India: 1500-1700
1510
Portuguese capture of Goa
1526
Defeat of the Lodi Sultan by Babur
2.3.3.7
1526-1530
Reign of Babur
AD
1530-1538
Reign of Humayun
Death of Guru Nanak
1538-1555
Interregnum under Sur dynasty
1555-1556
Humayun restores Mughal authority
1556-1605
Reign of Akbar
1565
Fall of Vijayanagar
1600
British East India Company receives charter
1605-1627
Reign of Jehangir
1628-1658
Reign of Shah Jahan
1634
English begin trading in Bengal
1639
Founding of Fort St. George, Madras
1658-1707
Shivaji crowned king of Marathas; French
found Pondicherry
1690
Founding of Calcutta
1708
Death of Guru Govind Singh
1739
Nadir Shah raids Delhi
1742
Marathas raid Bengal
War between French and British in India
Japan and China
Peking captured by Manchus and made
capital of the Ch’ing Dynasty
1793
Mission of Lord Macartney to Peking
1853
Perry expedition forces end of Japanese
exclusion policy
1867
Abdication of last Tokugawa shogun
Aztec and Inca Civilizations
5000
Beginnings of agriculture in Mexico
2000
First Peruvian ceremonial centers
900
Chavin unification of Peru
800
Olmec unification of Mesoamerica
300-600
Teotihuacan empire
600-800
Huari and Tiahuanaco empires
900
Fall of classic Maya civilization
1400-1519
Aztec empire
1438-1538
Inca empire
Spain and Portugal in America
1492
Columbus reaches the New World
1500
Cabral lays basis for Portugal’s claim by
landing in Brazil on his way to India
1519
Cortéz begins his conquest of New Spain
[Mexico]
1524
Council of the Indies established by Spain
1535
Antonio de Mendoza, first viceroy in Spanish
America, begins rule in Mexico; Lima, Peru, is
founded by Pizarro
1549
Permanent settlement of Brazil begun by
Governor Thomé de Souza, and the Jesuits
begin missionary labors
1550
Bartolomé de Las Casas and Juan Ginés
Sepúlvada debate at Valladolid whether
Indians are natural slaves according to
Aristotle’s doctrine
1551
University charters granted for universities in
Mexico and Peru
1580
Philip II annexes Portugal and her empire, a
“captivity” lasting until 1640
1624
Dutch begin their
Pernambuco, Brazil
1680
Publication of the Spanish colonial code:
Reign of Aurangzeb
1674
1744-1748
AD
Voyage to Archangel by Richard Chancellor
1576-1578
1538
2.3.3.5
1644
30-year
rule
Recopilación de Leyes de las Indias
1542
Portuguese merchants first reach Japan
1759
Jesuits expelled from Brazil
1568
Oda Nobunaga in control of Kyoto
1767
Jesuits expelled from Spanish America
1582
Nobunaga assassinated; rise of Hideyoshi
1780
Unsuccessful rebellion by
against Spanish rule in Peru
1592, 1597
Abortive Japanese attempts to conquer Korea
1597
First persecution of Christians in Japan
2.3.3.8
1598
Death of Hideyoshi
AD
1600
Tokugawa Ieyasu victor at Sekigahara
1603
Establishment of Tokugawa shogunate
1638
Suppression
Shimabara
1640
Seclusion and exclusion policies in effect
Early 17th cent.
of
Christian
rebellion
at
Unification of Manchu tribes of China by
Nurhachi
in
Tupac
Amaru
The Settlement of North America
1497
John Cabot reaches North America
1513
Ponce de Léon establishes Spanish claim to
Florida
1524
Giovanni Verrazano explores coast of North
America
1534
Jacques Cartier explores St. Lawrence River
1560’s
French attempts to settle in Florida thwarted
by Spain
18
1565
Spanish found first permanent settlement
north of Mexico at St. Augustine, Florida
2.3.4
1607
First permanent English outpost established
at Jamestown, Virginia
2.3.4.1
The Scientific Revolution
BC
4th cent.
1609
Henry Hudson claims part of North America
for the United Provinces
Establishment of the two major philosophical
schools of Greek Antiquity by Plato [427-347
BC] and Aristotle [384-322 BC]
3rd cent.
1619
First Negroes brought to British America as
forced labor; Virginia begins representative
assembly
1620
Separatists found Plymouth Colony
Outstanding developments in mathematics,
astronomy and physics, among others by
Euclid of Alexandria [330-260 BC,] Aristech’s
of Samoa [310-230 BC,] and Apollonius of
Perga [c. 220 BC]
1630
Great
Migration
to
Massachusetts founded
2nd cent.
The synthesis of Greek astronomical thought,
presented in his Almagest, by Claudius
Ptolemy of Alexandria [AD 127-151]
8th-12th cents.
Development and spread of Arabic science
and
philosophy;
eventually
of
the
transmission of Aristotelian thought to the
West by Islamic scholars, in particular by
Averroes [1126-1198.] Origin of the base-10
number system in the work of Arabic and
Hindu mathematicians of 8th-11th centuries
13th cent.
Assimilation of Aristotelian philosophy into
Christian doctrine in the epochal writings of
St. Thomas Aquinas. Beginning of modern
number notation attributed Liber abaci
published by Leonardo of Pisa [Fibonacci] in
1202
1543
Publication of De Revolutionibus Orbium
Coelestium by Nicholas Copernicus, Mikolaj
Kopernik in Polish [1473-1543,] and also of
Concerning the Fabric of the Human Body by
Andrea Vesalius, Andries Van Wesel in
Flemish [1514-1564]
1600
Publication of Concerning the Magnet [De
1630’s
America
begins;
Connecticut, Rhode Island and New Haven
colonies founded
1633
Colonization of Maryland begun
1636
Harvard College opened
1638
A Swedish settlement
Delaware River
founded
on
the
1640’s
Civil wars in England causes shift in migration
patterns
1655
Dutch from New Netherlands conquer New
Sweden
1660
Stuart Monarchy restored
1660’s
Legal definition of Negro slavery begun in
Virginia
1663
Charles II
proprietors
1664
British seize New Netherlands
1675-1676
1682
grants
Carolinas
to
eight
Bacon’s rebellion in Virginia; King Philip’s War
in New England
William Penn founds Pennsylvania
1684-1689
Dominion of New England places several
colonies under royal authority
1685
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in France
spurs Protestant migration to America
1689-1713
King William’s War
1691
New Massachusetts’s charter puts colony
under royal authority; Plymouth Colony and
Maine included in new Massachusetts
boundaries
1693
College of William and Mary founded
1696
Parliamentary Act establishes vice-admiralty
courts to try violators; Board of Trade
created by the crown
1702-1713
Queen Anne’s War
1704
Boston News-Letter begins publication
1729
North and South Carolina become separate,
royal colonies
1733
Colony of Georgia founded
1739
George Whitefield first visits America
1740-1748
King George’s War
1749-1752
Benjamin
electricity
Franklin
experiments
Philadelphia Academy [later University of
Pennsylvania] founded
1754
George Washington’s clash with French
soldiers signals start of French and Indian
War
Treaty of Paris; French Canada and Spanish
Florida ceded to Great Britain
Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de
Magno Magnete Tellure, “On the Magnet,
Magnetic Bodies, and the Great Magnet of
the Earth,”] by the English physician William
Gilbert [1540-1603]
1603
Founding of the Accademia dei Lincei in
Rome
1605
Publication of Advancement of Learning by
Francis Bacon [1561-1626]
1609
Publication of Astronomia Nova by Johannes
Kepler [1571-1630,] containing his statement
of the first two laws of planetary motion
1610
Publication of Sidereal Messenger by Galileo
Galilei [1564-1642,] describing his telescopic
observations of the heavens
1619
Publication of Kepler’s Harmonia Mundia,
announcing his discovery of the third law of
planetary motion
1628
Publication of On the Motion of the Heart and
Blood in Animals by the English physician
William Harvey [1578-1657]
1632
Publication of Galileo’s Two Chief Systems of
the World, in which Galileo argued [his
conviction] for the Copernican system over
the Ptolemaic and which resulted in a case
being brought against him by the Inquisition
1637
Publication of the Discourse on Method by
René Descartes [1596-1650]
1638
Publication
with
1751
1763
AD
The Enlightenment
of Galileo’s Discourses and
Demonstrations Concerning Two New
Sciences, in which he formulated an early
and insightful though erroneous theory of
solid mechanics [the bending and breaking of
19
beams] and a theory with experiment of
motion under uniform acceleration and of the
pendulum which though limited to simple
motions and dynamically incomplete was an
important precursor to the work of Newton
1647
Revival of the ancient Epicurean atomic
philosophy by Pierre Gassendi [1592-1655]
1657
Founding of the Accademia del Cimento in
Florence
1660
Publication of New Experiments of PhysicoMechanical Touching the Spring of Air by the
Anglo-Irish chemist and natural philosopher
Robert Boyle [1627-1691]
1662
Founding of the Royal Society of London
1666
1676
2.3.4.3
AD
Science versus Theology
1687
Newton’s Principia Mathematica
Pierre
1704
Death of John Locke
1713
The papal bull Unigenitus condemning 101
theological propositions of the Jansenist
writer Pasquier Quesnel contained in the
book Réflexions morales; the war against the
Jesuits
Understanding
critique
Bayle’s
Dictionnaire historique
et
Alexander Pope’s Essay on Man
Founding of the French Academy of Science
1736
Joseph Butler’s Analogy of Religion
Determination of the finite velocity of light by
the Danish astronomer Oleg Roemer [16441710]
1736
Voltaire’s Mahomet, on toleration, praised
and rewarded by the pope
1747
Julien Offroy de La Mettrie’s L'Hommemachine [Man a Machine – a materialist
interpretation of human and psychic
phenomena, important in the modern history
of materialism]
1677
Discovery with the microscope of the
existence of male spermatozoa by Anton von
Leeuwenhoek [1632-1695]
1678
A wave theory of light proposed by Christian
Huygens
[1629-1695,]
subsequently
developed systematically in his Treatise on
Light [1690]
1748
Hume’s Essay on Miracles; Treaty of Aix-laChappelle; Montesquieu’s Esprit de Lois
1750 ff.
1687
Publication
Principia
Mathematica
Philosophiae Naturalis by Isaac Newton
Georges-louis Leclerc De Buffon’s Natural
History [evolutionary theory]
1750-1772
Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d’Alembert’s
1704
1789
AD
Human
1697
of
[1642-1727]
2.3.4.2
Concerning
John
1733-1734
Locke’s
Essay
1690
Encyclopédie
Publication of Newton’s Opticks, some of
whose basic ideas had been communicated
to the Royal Society in 1672
1751
Voltaire’s Age of Louis XIV
1756
Voltaire’s Essay on the Customs and Manners
Publication of Traité Elémentaire de Chimie
by Antoine Lavoisier [1743-1794]
1760 ff.
Society and Politics
1762
of Nations
Dictionnaire de Trévoux, Jesuit response to
Encyclopédie
Rousseau’s Confession of Faith of a Priest
from Savoy
1713-1715
Peace of Utrecht; death of Louis XIV;
Vanbrugh’s Blenheim Palace completed
1764-1765
1721
Bach’s Brandenburg Concertos completed;
Montesquieu’s Persian Letters
1778
Mesmer and mesmerism; death of Rousseau
1724
Fahrenheit’s thermometer devised
1779
Hume’s posthumously published Dialogues on
1734
Voltaire’s Philosophical Letters on the English
1748
Montesquieu’s Esprit des Lois
2.4
1750
The Encyclopédie begun; the Diplomatic
Revolution
2.4.1
1752
Franklin shows that lightning is electricity
AD
1756-1763
2.4.1.1
Candide
philosophique portative
Voltaire’s
and
Dictionairre
Natural Religion
THE AGE OF REVOLUTION
Europe: The Great Powers
Forming Nation States
1581
Proclamation of Dutch independence from
Spain
Seven Years’ War
1762
Rousseau’s Social Contract
1594
1764
The Italian criminologist Beccaria’s On Crimes
and Punishments, a celebrated volume on the
reform of criminal justice
Henry of Navarre crowned Henry IV of
France
1603
Union of Scottish and English Crowns under
the Stuart James I
1765-1790
Enlightened despots in Austria, Germany,
Spain, Portugal, and France
1611-1614
1624
Richelieu admitted to the Council of State
1776
Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations; American
Declaration of Independence
1625
Hugo Grotius publishes De Jure Belli et Pacis
[international law]
1778
Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais’
“private fleet” mustered I aid of rebelling
Americans
1635
Founding of the French Academy, which
establishes uniform grammar and usage for
French language
1783
Beaumarchais’ Marriage of Figaro
1636-1637
Peasant revolts in southern and western
France
1787-1788
Assembly of Notables; censorship lifted;
Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès’ What Is the Third
Estate?
1789
Outbreak of revolution in France
Rebellion of the French princes
1639
Nu-Pied, or Barefoot, Revolt in France
1640
Revolts of the Catalans, Portuguese, Irish
and Neapolitans
1642
Outbreak of civil war in England
20
1648
1648-1652
Civil war in France
1649
Repression of the Irish by Cromwell
1652
Anglo-Dutch War
1653
Defeat of Brandenburg Estates
1655-1660
Northern
War;
Brandenburg
sovereignty of Prussia
2.4.1.3
AD
gains
1660
Charles II declares the Declaration of Breda
1661
Beginning of the “personal” reign of Louis
XIV
1663
Louis XIV occupies the Papal State of
Avignon [Comtat Venaissin]
1678
Elector of Brandenburg attempts to suppress
Wendish speech
1680-1683
1685
2.4.1.2
Peace of Westphalia; sovereignty granted to
the Swiss and Dutch states
Chambers of Reunion
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
1636
Peace of Utrecht
1715
Death of Louis XIV
Europe in the 18th Century
1709
Battle of Poltava [defeat of the Swedes by
the Russians under Peter the Great]
1714
George of Hanover becomes king of England
1720
Collapse of Law’s Mississippi Scheme in
France, and English South Sea Bubble
1721
Montesquieu publishes the Persian Letters
1721-1742
The Age of Louis XIV
AD
1713
Corneal present Le Cid
Administration of Robert Walpole
1726
Cardinal Fleury becomes prime minister in
France
1734
Voltaire publishes Philosophical Letters on the
1736
John Wesley begins to establish Methodist
Societies
1740
Frederick II of Prussia invades Silesia
1741
Empress Maria Theresa rallies Hungarian
nobles to fight the Prussians
English
1637
The current publishes the Discourse on
1745
Battle of Fontenoy
Method
1747
Richardson publishes Clarissa Harlowe
1638
Birth of Louis XIV
1748
Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle
1642
Death of Richelieu
1750
1643
Death of Louis XIII; Regency of Anne of
Austria for Louis XIV; Battle of Rocroi
Death of Johann Sebastian Bach; Voltaire
begins his visit at the court of Frederick the
Great; Diderot and collaborators publish first
volume of the Encyclopédie
1756
Outbreak of the Seven Years’ War
1761
Resignation of William Pitt
1762
Catherine II becomes ruler of Russia;
Rousseau publishes the Social Contract
1648-1652
Civil Wars in France [the Frondes]
1656
Creation of the General Hospital, Paris
1660
Marriage of Louis XIV to Maria Theresa of
Spain
1661
Death of Cardinal Mazarin, beginning of the
“personal” reign of Louis XIV
1771
Parliaments abolished in France by Louis XV
1663
Le Nôtre designs the gardens of Versailles
1773
Diderot visits Catherine the Great in Russia
1664
Molière presents Tartruffe; the play is banned
1774
1664
Creation of the Compagnie des Indes
Louis XVI becomes king of France and recalls
the Parlements
1665
Bernini visits Paris
1778
1667
War of Devolution
France intervenes in the War of American
Independence
1670
Promulgation of a reformed criminal code for
France
1781
Joseph II promulgates the Edict of Tolerance
1783
1670
Treaty of Dover
Russia annexes the Crimea; Beaumarchais
presents Marriage of Figaro
1670
War with the Dutch; assassination of the De
Witt brothers
2.4.2
2.4.2.1
The American Revolution
1763
Treaty of Paris ending Seven Years’ War;
Proclamation of 1763, restricting transAppalachian settlement; Patrick Henry’s
argument in the Parson’s Cause
l’Ecriture Sainte
1764
Passage of the Sugar Act and Currency Acts
La Fontaine publishes Books 7-11 of the
1765
Passage of the Stamp Act; Stamp Act
Congress meets in New York and adopts
Declaration of Rights and Grievances
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
1766
War of the League of Augsburg; the Glorious
Revolution in England; death of Frederick
William the Great Elector
Repeal of the Stamp Act accompanied by
passage of Declaratory Act
1767
Passage of Townshend Acts; revival of
nonimportation agreements; publication of
first of John Dickinson’s Farmers’ Letters
1768
Massachusetts House
adopts Circular Letter
1770
Townshend duties repealed in large part
except for duties on tea
1772
Burning of the Gaspee; Committees of
Correspondence organized by Samuel Adams
1674
Invasion of the Franche Comté
1679
First fortress built by Vauban
1679
Bossuet publishes the Politique tirée de
1679
1683
Death of Colbert
1685
1688
1691
Racine presents Athalie
1697
Bayle publishes Didtionnaire historique et
1700
Philip V proclaimed king of Spain
1702
Death of William III
1704
Battle of Blenheim
Fables
critique
AD
Revolution in the Western World
of
Representatives
21
1773
Passage of the Tea Act; Boston Tea Party
1774
Passage of the “Intolerable Acts,” including
the Quebec Act; First Continental Congress
convenes at Philadelphia, defeats Galloway’s
Plan of Union; adopts Declaration and
Resolves and Continental Association
1775
1776
1777
AD
Convention
1793
Execution of Luis XIV; English evacuation of
Toulon; Napoleon becomes brigadier general
1794
Fall of Robespierre
1795-1799
Publication of Common Sense by Thomas
Paine; Declaration of Independence; Battles
of Long Island and Trenton
Battles of Princeton and Germantown;
Burgoyne’s surrender, Saratoga; Congress
adopts Articles of Confederation
Directory
1796
Napoleon assumes command of the army of
Italy
1797
Treaty of Campo Formio
1798
Napoleon sails from Toulon to begin Egyptian
campaign; Battle of the Nile
1799-1804
Consulate
1800
Battle of Marengo; Battle of Hohenlinden
1801
Treaty of Lunéville; Alexander I becomes czar
of Russia; French concordat with papacy
Formal entry of Spain into the war against
England
1802
Treaty of Amiens; Napoleon becomes life
consul
1780
Siege of Charleston and fall to the British;
treason of Arnold
1803
Bank of France founded
1804
Ratification of the Articles of confederation;
surrender of the British at Yorktown to
combined Franco-American forces
Napoleon proclaimed emperor; Napoleonic
Code promulgated
1805
Battle of Trafalgar; Battle of Austerlitz; Treaty
of Pressburg
1782
Fall of Lord North’s ministry; signing of
Preliminary Articles of Peace in Paris
1806
Death of William Pitt; Battle of Jena; Berlin
Decree, establishing the “Continental System”
1783
Signing of Definitive Treaty of Peace with
Great Britain; British evacuate New York City
1807
Great Britain abolishes the slave trade;
Napoleon forces Ferdinand VII of Spain to
abdicate and installs his brother Joseph as
king of Spain; Battle of Friedland; Treaty of
Tilsit; Milan Decree
1807-1808
J. G. Fichte delivers his Address to the
The French Revolution
1789
1792
1793
1793-1794
1794
1794-1795
1795
Meeting of the Estates General; conversion of
Estates General into National Assembly; fall
of the Bastille; Decrees Abolishing the Feudal
System
German Nation
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
1809
Battle of Wagram; Treaty of Schönbrunn
King forgiven after attempt to flee from
France; Legislative Assembly convenes
1810
Napoleon marries Marie Louise of Austria
1811-1813
Beginning of war with Austria and Prussia;
manifesto of the Duke of Brunswick; abolition
of the Monarchy and establishment of the
Republic
Execution of Louis XVI; arrest of the leaders
of the Girondins
The Reign of Terror
Elimination of the Hébertists; elimination of
the Dantonists; fall of the Robespierrists
The Thermidorian reaction
Constitution establishing the
dissolution of the Convention
Directory;
1795-1799
The Directory
1706-1797
Italian campaign of Napoleon Bonaparte
1799
AD
Legislative Assembly
1792-1795
the
1779
1791
2.4.3.1
1791-1792
on
Franco-American treaties of amity and
commerce and of alliance with the United
States
1790
2.4.3
Battles of Lexington and Concord; Second
Continental Congress names Washington
commander of the Continental forces; Battle
of Bunker Hill
Burke’s
Reflections
Revolution in France published
Edmund
1778
1781
2.4.2.2
1790
Overthrow of the Directory and establishment
of the Napoleonic Consulate
Reaction and Rebellion
The Napoleonic Era
1768
French take Corsica
1769
Napoleon Bonaparte born at Ajaccio, Corsica
1784
Napoleon enters the École Militaire
1789
Meeting of the Estates General; beginning of
the French Revolution
2.4.3.2
AD
Luddite risings in Great Britain
1812
Napoleonic invasion of Russia
1813
Battle of Leipzig [Battle of the Nations]
1814
Napoleon abdicates; Treaties of Chaumont,
establishing the Quadruple Alliance; First
Treaty of Paris
1815
The Hundred Days; Conclusion of the
Congress of Vienna; abdication of Napoleon;
the Holy Alliance; Second Treaty of Paris
1821
Napoleon dies at St. Helena
The United States: 1789-1823
1786
Annapolis Convention
1787
Philadelphia Convention
1789
George Washington inaugurated
1791
First Bank of the United States established
1795
Jay Treaty ratified
1796
Washington’s Farewell Address
1797
John Adams inaugurated
1798
Alien and Sedition acts; first Kentucky and
Virginia Resolutions
1799
Second Kentucky resolution;
naval war with France
1801
Thomas Jefferson inaugurated
1803
Louisiana Purchase
undeclared
22
1804
Alexander Hamilton killed
1807
Embargo
1808
African slave trade ends
1809
Nonintercourse
inaugurated
AD
James
Madison
1811
First Bank of the United States expires
1812
War of 1812
1814
Hartford Convention; Treaty of Ghent ends
War of 1812
1816
Second Bank of the United States established
1817
James Monroe inaugurated
1820
Missouri Compromise
1823
2.4.3.3
Act;
Monroe Doctrine
Liberation Movements in Europe
1814-1815
Congress of Vienna
1820-1821
Revolution in Naples; rising in Piedmont
1821-1830
Greek War of Independence
1823
The Monroe Doctrine proclaimed
1830
Greece recognized by the Powers; Otto of
Bavaria king; revolution in Paris; Louis
Philippe “king of the French;” rising in
Brussels;
proclamation
of
Belgian
independence
1830-1831
1831
1819-1844
Belgium recognized by the Powers; Leopold
of Saxe-Coburg king
Revolution in Warsaw; risings in central Italy
German Zollverein
1836
Palacký’s History of Bohemia
1837
Rebellion in Upper and Lower Canada
1839
Durham Report on the organization of
Canada
1840
Union of Canada
1847-1848
1848
Irish famine; Young Ireland
Communist Manifesto; revolution in Paris;
Second French Republic; revolutions in
central Europe; Austro-Sardinian War;
Piedmontese Statuto; Frankfurt Parliament;
counterrevolution in France and in central
Europe; Louis Napoleon elected President of
the Republic
1849
1867
2.4.3.4
AD
2.4.3.5
AD
1822
Brazilian Empire declared independent under
Pedro I
1824
Battle of Ayacucho, last major engagement in
South America
1826
Congress of Panama, convoked by Bolívar
1830
Death of Bolívar
The Near East
1774
1792-1793
Russo-Ottoman Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji
Nizam-I Jedid; New Regulations reorganizing
Ottoman military and civilian institutions
1794
Founding of Qajar dynasty in Iran
1804
Servian revolt against Ottoman rule
1804-1812
Russo-Persian war, ended by Treaty of
Bulistan in 1813
1805
Muhammad Ali becomes governor of Egypt
and founds dynasty
1807-1808
Revolt of Janissaries, murder of Selim III,
succeeded by Mahmud II as Ottoman Sultan
1811
Muhammad Ali massacres Mamelukes and
consolidates his rule
1820-1822
Muhammad Ali conquers Sudan
1821-1830
Greek war of independence
1825-1828
Russo-Persian war, ended by Treaty of
Turkmanchai, 1828
1826
Mahmud II massacres Janissaries
reorganizes Ottoman army
and
1832-1833
& 1839-1840
1837-1838
1839
1854-1856
1856
Ottoman-Egyptian wars
Persian-Afghan war
Hatt-I
Sherif
of
Gulhane:
reforms
guaranteeing liberties of Ottoman subjects;
British occupy Aden
Crimean War
Hatt-I Humayun: extend rights grant by HattI Sherif; Anglo-Persian war
1860-1861
Communal conflicts in Lebanon and Syria
1868-1876
Ottoman Civil Code
1869
1875-1878
1876
Opening of Suez Canal
Balkan and Russo-Turkish wars
Proclamation of Ottoman
accession of Abdul Hamid II
Constitution,
Roman Republic; Austro-Sardinian War;
Frankfurt constitution; Russian intervention in
Hungary; the French in Rome
1881-1882
British North America Act creates Dominion of
Canada
Arab revolt in Egypt, followed by British
occupation
1883-1885
Mahdist revolt in Sudan ending Egyptian rule
Liberation Movements in Latin America
1804
Haiti declares its independence
1808
Portuguese Court flees to Brazil
1810
Autonomous governments set up in
Argentina, Chile, Colombia, and Venezuela
1815
Brazil declared a kingdom
1816
Bolívar issues a decree against slavery
1817
José de San Martin crosses the Andes to
defeat Spaniards at Battle of Chacabuco
1821
Victory of Bolívar at Carabobo, last major
engagement of war in Venezuela; Mexico
wins its independence, followed by shortlived [1822-1823] rule of Emperor Agustín
Iturbide
1896
1896-1898
1901
Assassination of Nasirudding Shah of Iran
Anglo-Egyptian reconquest of Sudan
Oil concession granted to W. K. D’Arcy in Iran
1905-1909
Constitutional Revolution in Iran
1908-1909
Young Turk revolt restores constitution in
Turkey; deposition of Abdul Hamid in 1909
1912-1913
Balkan wars
1914
Turkey enters war on side of Central Powers;
Egypt becomes British protectorate
1916
Arab revolt against Turkey
1917
Balfour
Declaration,
promising
national home in Palestine
1912-1922
Jewish
Turkish war of liberation against Greek and
Allied forces
23
2.4.4
2.4.4.1
AD
1923
Treaty of Lausanne between Turkey and
Allied Powers; deposition of sultan; Turkey
proclaimed republic
1819
Savannah crosses Atlantic, mostly under
1920
League of Nations assigns mandates to
France over Lebanon and Syria and to Britain
over Iraq, Palestine, and Transjordan
1821
Adoption of gold standard in England
1825
Opening of Stockton and Darlington railroad,
in England
1921-1925
Riza Khan establishes control over Iran,
deposes Ahmed Shah and founds Pahlavi
dynasty
1844
Electric telegraph opens between Washington
and Baltimore
1846
Repeal of Corn Laws
1866
Laying of first transatlantic cable
1869
Opening of the Union and Pacific’s
transcontinental railway; opening of Suez
Canal
1876
Invention of telephone
1884
Invention of compound turbine in steam
navigation
1887
Daimler’s internal combustion automobile
1901
Marconi’s first translantic
message
1902
First transpacific cable
1903
Completion of trans-Siberian railway; airplane
flight by Wright Brothers
1922
Britain declares Egypt independent
1924
Ibn Saud conquers Hijaz and establishes rule
over most of Arabian Peninsula
1932
Iraq granted independence
The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution in England
1694
Founding of the Bank of England
1733
James Kay invents the flying shuttle
1769
Josiah Wedgwood opens pottery factory at
Etruria, near Stoke-upon-Trent; James Watt
patents the steam engine after years of
experimentation; Richard Arkwright invents
the water-powered spinning frame
AD
2.4.4.3
AD
radiotelegraphy
1770
James Hargreaves patents the spinning Jenny
1909
First cross-Channel flight by Louis Blériot
1776
Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations,
the classic of classical political economy
1914
Opening of Panama Canal
1919
1784
James Watt patents a locomotive, two years
after Oliver Evans patents a similar device
First transatlantic flight by John Alcock and
Arthur Brown
1924
1785
Edmund Cartwright patents the power loom
First flight around the world by United States
Army planes
1793
Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin
1936
First television broadcast
1798
Eli Whitney builds a factory for the mass
production of firearms near New Haven
2.4.5
New Forces, New Ideas
2.4.5.1
Romanticism and After
1811
Pittsburgh’s first rolling mill opens
AD
1821
Great Britain adopts the gold standard
1822
First textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts
1774
Goethe’s Sorrows of Young Werther
Repeal of the Combination Acts in Great
Britain, permitting trade unions to burgeon
1790
Goethe’s Faust: A fragment
1796
Erasmus Darwin’s Zoonomia (evolutionary
theory)
1798
Wordsworth’s and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads
1803
Death of Herder; birth of Berlioz
1804
Beethoven’s Eroica Symphony
1807
Hegel’s Phenomenology of Mind
1814
George Stephenson’s first locomotive
1824-1825
2.4.4.2
steam
1829
George Stephenson
locomotive
perfects
the
1830
Railroad is put to first serious uses in the
United States
Great Britain repeals the Corn Laws
1849
Great Britain repeals the Navigation Acts
1858
Henry Bessemer (later Sir Henry) builds
Bessemer Steel Works at Sheffield, using a
new process that makes large-scale
production possible
1869
Transcontinental railway across the United
States is completed
The Spread of Industrialization
1793
Alexander
Hamilton,
Manufactures”
1859
Value added by manufacturing exceeds value
of agricultural products sold
1901
US Steel Corporation, first business
capitalized at more than a billion dollars,
formed
on
A World Economy
1807
1816
Rousseau’s Émile and Nouvelle Héloϊse
1767-1769
Lessing’s Hamburgishce Dramaturgie
steam
1846
“Report
1761-1762
Robert Fulton sails from New York to Albany
in steamboat Clermont
Regular transatlantic service, in sailing ships,
between Liverpool and New York
1820-1830
Rediscovery of Diderot’s Rameau’s Nephew,
The Memoirs of Benvenuto Cellini, the poems
of François Villon, and the philosophy of
Spinoza
1822
Stendhal’s Racine et Shakespeare
1824
Death of Byron in Greece; Delacroix’s first
modern painting
1827
Victor Hugo’s Preface to his play Cromwell;
death of Beethoven
1830
Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique; Revolution
in Paris, Belgium, Italy, and the German
Rhineland
1830-1842
Comte’s Positivist philosophy
1833-1839
Invention of photography
1835
David Strauss’s Life of Jesus; Tocqueville’s
1837
Pugin’s Contrasts; deaths of Leopardi and
Pushkin
Democracy in America
24
2.4.5.2
AD
1839
Turner’s painting The Fighting Téméraire
1883
Fabian Society founded in London; Marx dies
1845
Alexander von Humboldt’s Cosmos
1889
1848
Revolutions on the Continent;
threatening in England
Second International founded; Eduard
Bernstein proposes his “revisionist” departure
from orthodox Marxism
1850
Death of Wordsworth
1893
Independent
England
1900
Labour Representation Committee founded in
England, leading to formation of the Labour
party in 1906
1905
Russian Revolution
1908
Georges
1914
Divisions in socialist parties on the question
of the war result in general support of the
war and collapse of Second International
From Liberalism to Democracy
1815
Waterloo; Peace by Congress of Vienna
1819
Carlsbad Decrees against liberal youth and
intellectuals
1829-1830
The Carbonari revolutionists in France and
Italy
1821
1822-1823
Congress of Verona and Spanish revolution
put down by the French
Sorel
party
publishes
founded
in
Reflections
on
Monroe Doctrine
2.4.5.4
1824
Death of Byron at Missolonghi
AD
1777
Vermont ends slavery
1828
Jacksonian democracy in power in the United
States
1804
New Jersey ends slavery
The Greek Revolution succeeds and is ratified
by the powers
1808
Slave trade ends
1817
American Colonization Society established
1820
Missouri Compromise
1822
Denmark Vessey Conspiracy
1829
David Walker Appeal published
1831
The Liberator begins publication; Nat Turner
1833
Britain ends slavery
1836
Gag Rule
1840
Liberty party formed
1843
Repeal of Gag Rule
1845
Texas annexed; Methodist Church splits
along sectional lines
1846
Mexican War; Wilmot Proviso
1848
Mexican War ends; Free Soil party organized
1850
Compromise of 1850
1854
Kansas-Nebraska Act
1857
Dred Scott decision
1830
Revolutions in France,
Rhineland, Italy, and Brazil
1832
The English Reform Bill passed after a nearrevolution
1831-1834
1840
1840-1848
1848
AD
Death of Napoleon
Violence
Labour
1823
1829
2.4.5.3
Chartism
Belgium,
the
Revolutions in Poland, Spain, and Italy
Napoleon’s ashes brought to Paris
Socialism: Louis
Parliamentary rule
Blanc;
Chartism
and
Revolutions in France, Germany, Austria, and
Italy
1851
The Great Exhibition in London
1852
The Second French Empire: democracy, the
welfare state, and dictatorship
The Rise of Socialism
1795-1796
The Antislavery Impulse in America
Babeuf
leads
the
proto-communist
“Conspiracy of Equals” in France
rebellion
1813
Richard Owens publishes A New View of
Society
1860
1817
Ricardo’s Principle’s of Political Economy and
Taxation published, the definitive statement
of classical political economy
Abraham Lincoln elected; South Carolina
secedes
1861
Civil War begins
1863
Emancipation Proclamation
1818
Karl Marx born at Trier in the Rhineland
1865
End of Civil War, 13th Amendment ratified
1832
Death of G. W. F. Hegel
2.4.5.5
1840
Proudhon publishes What is Property?
AD
1844
Marx meets Friedrich Engels
1845
Engels
1848
1849
1864
publishes The Condition of the
Working Class in England in 1844
Marx and Engels publish the Communist
Manifesto; European revolutions
Settlement of Vienna
1815-1848
Italian Risorgimento; Metternichian system
1819-1844
German Zollverein
1846
Pius IX pope
Ferdinand Lassalle killed in a duel;
International Working Men’s Association (First
International) founded in London
1848
Piedmontese Statuto
Marx publishes first volume of Capital
1871
Commune established in Paris following
French defeat in Franco-Prussian War
1875
1815
The French Revolution and Napoleon;
political rearrangements in central Europe;
wars of liberation
Marx settles in England
1867
1872-1876
Unification Movements
1792-1815
Torn by internal divisions, the
International gradually disintegrates
1848-1849
1852
First
Social Democratic Party founded in Germany
1854-1856
Failure of revolutions in central Europe;
Austro-Sardinian wars
The Danish Duchies; London
Cavour prime minister of Sardinia
Protocol;
Congress of Paris
1858
Plombières agreement between Napoleon III
and Cavour; Franco-Sardinian alliance
1859
War between Austria and France
Sardinia; Armistice of Villafranca
and
25
1860
1860-1861
Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
1862
Bismarck minister president of Prussia; union
of Moldavia and Wallachia under Alexander
Cuza
1863
Polish insurrection; Alvensleben Convention
1864
War of Prussia and Austria against Denmark;
cession of Schleswig and Holstein by
Denmark
1866
1866-1868
1867
Gastein Convention between Austria and
Prussia; Biarritz meeting of Napoleon III and
Bismarck
Jameson raid in the Transvaal;
protectorate over East Africa (Kenya)
1896
Battle of Aduwa; British occupation of Ashanti
1896-1897
1898
AD
Austro-Prussian war; Treaty of Prague; Italy
acquires Venetia
British
Revolts in Matabeleland and Mashonaland
French defeat of Samori Tourè; Battle of
Omdurman and “Fashoda Incident”
1899-1902
South African (Boer) war
1900-1903
British occupation of Northern Nigeria
1905-1907
Maji-Maji Rising (German East Africa)
1912
2.5.1.2
French conquest of Madagascar
1895
French Protectorate over Morocco
American Imperialism
1867
Alaska purchased
1887
Pearl Harbor acquired
1898
U.S.S. Maine destroyed; McKinley’s war
message; Battle of Manila Bay; Battles of El
Caney and San Juan Hill; Spanish fleet
destroyed; Hawaii annexed; Treaty of Paris
(ratified 1899), ending war with Spain;
Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippine Islands
acquired
Cretan revolt
North
German
Confederation;
Hungarian Ausgleich
Austro-
1868-1870
Hohenzollern
throne
Spanish
1870-1871
Ems dispatch; Franco-Prussian war
1902
End of Philippine insurrection
Proclamation of the German Empire at
Versailles; Treaty of Frankfurt; annexation of
Alsace-Lorraine
1904
Panama Canal Zone acquired on lease
1917
Danish West Indies purchased (renamed
Virgin Islands)
1871
candidacy
to
the
THE MODERN WORLD
2.5.1
Toward Disintegration
2.5.1.1
Imperialism in Africa
AD
1894 ff.
Insurrection in Syria; French expedition;
Statute of the Lebanon
1861
1865
2.5
Collapse of the Italian Structure; Garibaldi’s
expedition
2.5.1.3
AD
China Under the Impact of the West
1839-1842
Opium War
1850-1873
Taiping and other rebellions
1860’s-1870’s
Self-Strengthening movement
1805
Accession of Muhammad Ali, pasha of Egypt
1820
Egyptian conquest of Sudan
1894-1895
1830
French occupation of Algiers
1898
1833
Abolition of slavery in the British Empire
Hundred Days of Reform, under K’ang YuWei
1900
Boxer Rebellion
1910
Annexation of Korea by Japan
1911
Revolution of 1911
1836-1837
Great Trek in South Africa
1859-1860
Spanish-Moroccan war
1861
British annexation of Lagos
1869
Opening of Suez Canal
1872
Internal self-government in South Africa
2.5.1.4
India Under British Rule
1757
Battle of Plassey; sack of Delhi by Afghans
Anglo-Ashanti war
1761
1876
Founding of International African Association;
European control assumed over Egyptian
finances
Marathas defeated at Panipat by Afghans and
Mughals
1765
Grant of diwani to East India Company by
Mughal Emperor
1882
British occupation of Egypt; Makoko Treaty
(Congo)
1784
Pitt’s India Act
1884-1885
Declaration of German African protectorates;
Berlin West Africa Conference
1792
Ranjit Singh comes to power
1793
Permanent settlement in Bengal
Founding of the Congo Independent State;
fall of Khartoum and death of General
Charles Gordon
1798-1805
Lord Wellesley governor general
1873-1874
1885
1886
1889
1890
1893 ff.
1894
Discovery of Gold on the Witwatersrand;
Anglo-German
East
African
boundary
agreement; grant of charter to Royal Niger
Company
Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of Wichale; grant of
charter to British South Africa Company
Anglo-German
African
boundaries
agreement; British protectorate over Zanzibar
and Pemba; “Pioneer Column” to Rhodesia
French conquest of Dahomey
British protectorate over Uganda; French
occupation of Timbuktu
AD
First Sino-Japanese War
1786-1793
1799
Lord Cornwallis governor general
Defeat of Tippu Sultan of Mysore
1817-1819
Final war against Marathas
1828-1835
Lord William Bentinck governor general
1835
Resolution on use of English for higher
education
1839
Death of Ranjit Singh
1839-1842
First Afghan War
1843
Annexation of Sindh
1849
Annexation of Punjab
1853
First railway line opened
1857-1858
Rebellions and army mutinies
26
1858
1880-1884
AD
Lord Ripon governor general
1888
Death of William I; accession of Frederick III;
death of Frederick III; accession of William
III
1890
Bismarck dismissed
1892
India Councils Act
Lord Curzon governor general
1893-1894
Darwin and Freud
1796
T. R. Malthus publishes An Essay on the
1801
Principles of Population
Lamarck publishes Système des animaux
sans vertèbres
1809
Charles Darwin is born
1820
Herbert Spencer is born
1848
Charles Lyell publishes Principles of Geology
Darwin’s theories are fully developed in
unpublished papers
1856
Sigmund Freud is born
1859
Darwin publishes The Origin of the Species
1862
Spencer publishes First Principles
1871
Darwin publishes Descent of Man
1882
Darwin dies
1897
Freud discovers essential principles of
psychoanalysis; undertakes his self-analysis
1899
Freud publishes The Interpretation of Dreams
1905
Freud publishes Three Essays on the Theory
1909
Freud, in the company of Jung, visits the
United States to lecture at Clark University
1910
Founding
of
the
International
Psychoanalytical Society; Jung president
1911-1913
Falling out of Freud with Jung and Adler,
mainly on the issue of infantile sexuality
1923 ff.
1939
AD
Reinsurance Treaty between Germany and
Russia
Organization of Indian National Congress
1830-1833
2.5.1.6
1887
1885
1899-1905
2.5.1.5
Power transferred from East India Company
to Crown
Freud publishes The Ego and the Id; period
of the last works, including The Future of an
Illusion, and Civilization and Its Discontents
Freud dies
Fashoda Crisis; first Germany Navy Law
begins naval race with Great Britain
1899
First Hague Peace Conference; Boer War
between Great Britain and Transvaal begins
1902
Anglo-Japanese
Alliance;
Vereeniging ends Boer War
1904
Anglo-French Entente concluded
1904-1905
Russo-Japanese War
1905
First Moroccan Crisis
1905-1906
2.5.2
2.5.2.1
AD
Second Reform Act in Great Britain
1871
Proclamation of William I as Emperor of
Germany; Russia denounces the Black Sea
clauses of the Treaty of Paris (1856)
1871-1875
Gradual emergence of Third Republic in
France
1873
Onset of agricultural depression in western
Europe
1876
“Bulgarian atrocities” committed by Turks in
suppressing a revolt
1877
Russo-Turk war begins
1878
Treaty of San Stefano; Congress of Berlin
1879
Alliance of Germany and Austria
1881
Czar Alexander II assassinated
1882
Germany, Austria, and Italy form Triple
Alliance; British invade and occupy Egypt
1884
Third Reform Act in Great Britain
1884-1885
1886
Russian Revolution
1907
Second Hague Peace Conference; conclusion
of Anglo-Russian Entente
1908
Austrian
annexation
Herzegovina
1911
Second Moroccan Crisis
of
Bosnia
and
First Balkan War
1913
Second Balkan War
1914
Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand
at Sarajevo; Austrian ultimatum to Serbia;
Russian mobilization; German and French
mobilization; Germany declares war on
Russia; Germany declares war on France;
following German invasion of Belgium, Great
Britain declares war on Germany
1915
Italy enters the war on the Allied side
The Great War: 1914–1945
World War I
1914
German declaration of war on Russia;
German declaration of war on France; British
declaration of war on Germany; Battle of the
Marne
1915
Lusitania sunk by German submarine, 139
Americans lost; Italy enters war on Allied
side; Dardanelles operation
1916
British Parliament passes conscription; Battle
of Verdun; Hindenburg appointed chief of
staff with Ludendorff as quartermaster
general; Lloyd George becomes prime
minister of Great Britain
1917
Germany notifies U.S. that unrestricted
submarine warfare will begin the next day;
provisional Russian government established
under Prince Lvov; Nicholas II abdicates; U.S.
declares war on Germany; mutinies in French
army; beginning of ill-fated Brusilov
offensive; German Chancellor Bethmann
Hollweg forced to resign and succeeded by
Dr. Michaelis; real power in hands of
Hindenburg and Ludendorff; beginning of
Italian disaster at Caporetto; Bolshevik
revolution; Clemenceau become prime
minister in France; Bolshevik Russia
concludes armistice with Central Powers
1918
Russia signs Brest Litovsk Treaty, ceding
Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, etc.; Germans
Berlin Conference (On Africa)
Introduction of First Home Rule Bill in British
Parliament; its defeat followed by splitting of
Liberal party
of
Algeciras Conference
The Great Powers to the Verge of War
1867
Treaty
1906
1912-1913
of Sexuality
Franco-Russian Alliance
1898
27
begin great spring offensive in the west;
Foch named commander in chief of Allied
forces in France; first major, successful
American engagement at Château-Thierry;
Second Battle of the Marne; successful Allied
counteroffensive in the west; Bulgaria
receives armistice; new German government
of Prince Max von Baden asks President
Wilson for armistice based on Fourteen
Points; armistice with Turkey; Allies sign
armistice with Austria-Hungary; Germany
accepts armistice and hostilities end
everywhere
2.5.2.2
AD
The Russian Revolution and the Stalin Era
Outbreak of Russo-Japanese War
1905
“Bloody Sunday,”
Revolution
1914
Outbreak of First World War
1916
Murder of Rasputin
1917
March 8-15, “February Revolution”; April 16,
Lenin returns to Russia; July 16-17, “July
Days”; Sept. 9-14, Kornilov Affair; Nov. 7,
Bolshevik seizure of power: “October
Revolution”
1918
1918-1920
2.5.2.3
AD
AD
2.5.2.5
AD
1904
beginning
1939
2.5.2.4
of
1905
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany
Civil war and foreign intervention
1921
Kronstadt mutiny;
Economic Policy
beginning
1922
Stalin
named
Communist Party
1924
Death of Lenin
1926
Zinoviev, Trotsky, and Kamenev removed
from Politburo
1928
Adoption of First Five-Year Plan
1929
Bukharin ousted from Politburo
1934
Assassination of Kirov; beginning of Great
Purges
Secretary
1936
Stalin Constitution approved
1939
Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact
1941
German invasion of U.S.S.R.
1953
Death of Stalin
of
New
General
1912-1916
May Fourth Movement
1924
Reorganization of the Kuomintang
1926-1928
Northern Expedition, and reunification of
China under the Kuomintang
1934-1935
Chinese Communists’ Long March
1937-1945
Second Sino-Japanese War
Modernizing Japan
1868
New imperial government established at Edo,
renamed Tokyo
1871-1876
Basic policies of centralization and liquidation
of caste privilege
1873
Universal military conscription; dispute over
Korean invasion resolved in favor of peace
faction
1877
Satsuma Rebellion
1881
Date set on constitution and parliament
1889
Promulgation of Meiji Constitution
1890
First session of Imperial Diet
1894-1895
First Sino-Japanese War
1904-1905
Russo-Japanese War
1915
Japanese attempt to assert political and
military dominance over China (Twenty-one
Demands)
1918
Cabinet of Prime Minister Hara, first to be
headed by a member of the House of
Representatives
1930
World depression reaches Japan
1931
Mukden Incident, leading
conquest of Manchuria
1932
Abandonment of party cabinets
1936
Abortive “February Mutiny”
1937
Incident at Marco Polo Bridge brings all-out
war with China
1941-1945
The United States: Prosperity and Depression
AD
Yüan Shih-k’ai first president of the Republic
of China
1919
of
2.5.2.6
Outbreak of World War II in Europe
Modern China
to
Japanese
Japan at war with Western Allies
Nationalism in India
1905
Partition of Bengal
1918
End of World War I
1906
Founding of Muslim League
1919
U.S. Senate rejects League of Nations treaty;
Red Scare; 18th Amendment (Prohibition)
ratified
1909
Morley-Minto Reforms
1912
Delhi made capital of India
1917
Announcement by British Parliament
responsible government as Goal for India
1919
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
1920
M. K. Gandhi becomes leader of Indian
National Congress
1921
First Noncooperation Movement
1927
Simon Commission
1930
Civil Disobedience Movement
of
1920
19th Amendment (Women’s Suffrage) ratified;
Republicans returned to power; census
reveals U.S. predominantly urban
1922
Nine-Power Treaty
1928
The Big Bull Market; Kellogg-Briand Pact
1929
Wall Street Crash
1932
Election of Franklin D. Roosevelt: Democrats
new majority party
1933
Bank crisis; beginning of New Deal; the
Hundred Days; recognition of U.S.S.R.
1935
Government of India Act
1937
Inauguration of provincial autonomy
Second Hundred Days; Social Security Act
and welfare state; first neutrality legislation
1939
Congress ministries resign on war issue
1942
Last civil disobedience movement; August
uprisings
1946
Negotiations for transfer of power
1935
1937
Sitdown
recession
strikes;
Constitutional
1938
End of New Deal reforms
crisis;
28
1947
2.5.2.7
AD
1919
Treaty of Versailles signed; Treaty of St.
Germain with Austria; Treaty of Neuilly with
Bulgaria
Central and eastern European arrangements;
Lend-Lease legislation; Yugoslavia and
Greece overrun; Hitler attacks Russia;
Atlantic Charter; Japanese attack on Pearl
Harbor
1941-1942
U.S. Senate rejects League of Nations; Treaty
of Trianon with Hungary; Treaty of Sèvres
with Turkey
Germans reach Caucasus; Japanese spread
over Southeast Asia, Indonesia and the
Pacific
1942
Battle of the Coral Sea; Battle of Stalingrad;
El Alamein; all France occupied; North African
landings
1943
Russia withdraws recognition from Polish
government in exile; French Committee of
National Liberation in Algiers; invasion of
Sicily; Italian armistice; collapse of Fascist
regime, meeting of Allied foreign ministers in
Moscow; Teheran conference of the Big
Three; Cairo declaration re China
1944
Normandy
landings;
FCNL
becomes
provisional French government; Rome
entered; Warsaw rising; liberation of Paris;
Battle of the Bulge
1945
Yalta Conference of the Big Three; death of
FDR; Harry S. Truman president; Germany
surrenders; Hitler commits suicide; Potsdam
Conference; first atomic bomb dropped on
Hiroshima; Japan surrenders
1921
New Economic Policy inaugurated in U.S.S.R.
1922
Mussolini’s March on Rome; Fascists take
power
1922-1923
AD
1941
Europe Between the Wars
1920
2.5.2.8
Lord Mountbatten governor general; partition
and independence
Washington Naval Conference
1923
French occupation of the Ruhr; Treaty of
Lausanne with Turkey; Adolf Hitler stages
Beer Hall Putsch in Munich
1924
Lenin’s death
1925
Locarno Treaties
1926
General Strike in Great Britain; Stalin
establishes control in U.S.S.R.; Imperial
Conference defines nature of British
Commonwealth Nations
1928
Pact of Paris, Kellogg-Briand Pact, “outlawing
war”
1929
Lateran Treaties between Italy and the
papacy; stock market crashes in New York,
ushering in world-wide depression
2.5.3
1930
Reichstag election marks emergence of Nazis
as major party
AD
1931
Incident at Mukden provides pretext for
beginning of Japanese occupation of
Manchuria; defeat of Labour party in general
elections followed by formation of a National
Government (a coalition) in Great Britain
2.5.3.1
The Brooding Present
Europe Since World War II
1945
Surrender of Germany; San Francisco
Conference; The United Nations; Potsdam
Conference; Labour in office in Britain;
surrender of Japan
1946
Fourth French Republic; Italy becomes a
republic; Churchill’s “iron curtain” speech in
Fulton, Missouri; De Gaulle “withdraws”
1947
Communists out of government in France and
in Italy; Truman Doctrine; beginning of the
Cold War; India and Pakistan emerge to
independence; UN establishes state of Israel
1948
Communist coup in Prague; Marshall Plan
and OEEC; Yugoslavia-Soviet break
1932
Japanese occupation of Shanghai; Reichstag
elections, from which Nazis emerge as largest
party but without a majority
1934
Purge of Nazi party
1935
Italy invades Ethiopia
1936
Germany reoccupies the Rhineland; Spanish
Civil War begins
1938
Germany takes
Conference
Munich
1949
1939
End of Civil War in Spain; nonaggression pact
between Russia and Germany; Germany
invades Poland; Great Britain and France
declare war on Germany
Signature of NATO Treaty; emergence of the
West German Federal Republic; the German
Democratic Republic
1950
The Korean War; Indonesian independence
1952
Elizabeth II Queen of the United Kingdom
1953
Death of Stalin; Eisenhower President of the
U.S.; East Berlin rising; ECSC launched
1954
Geneva conference and agreement re French
Indochina; EDC proposal defeated in French
parliament
1955
Bandung meeting; Treaty of Peace with
Austria; Warsaw Pact; emergence of Nikita
Khrushchev in control
1956
Twentieth Party Congress of U.S.S.R.;
independence of Tunisia and Morocco;
Hungarian
rising
crushed
by
Soviet
Intervention; Israeli attack on Egypt; AngloFrench intervention at Suez
1957
Sputnik
1958
Treaty of Rome launches the Common
Market (EEC); De Gaulle called back to
over
Austria;
World War II
1939
1939-1940
1940
Nazi-Soviet Pact; Germany invades Poland;
Britain and France declare war on Germany;
partition of Poland between Germany and
Russia
The “phony” war; first Russo-Finnish War
Denmark and Norway overrun by Germany;
Germany launches attack in the West;
Churchill succeeds Chamberlain as prime
minister; Battle and collapse of France;
Dunkirk evacuation; French armistice; Vichy
regime; De Gaulle launches Free French
movement; Italy enters the war; Battle of
Britain; destroyer-bases deal between U.S.
and Britain; FDR elected for third term
1948-1949
The Berlin Blockade
29
power; the Fifth French Republic;
Eisenhower Doctrine re the Middle East
the
1916
First popularly elected president in Argentina,
Hipólito Iriyogen
Abortive
summit
meeting
in
Paris;
independence of the Belgian Congo;
independence of French Black Africa;
beginning of Sino-Soviet conflict
1918
Student movement
Argentina
1930
Getúlio Vargas begins 15-year rule in Brazil;
the depression comes to Latin America
1962
Independence of Algeria; Cuban missile crisis
1963
France vetoes British application to Common
Market
1934-1940
Làzaro
Càrdenas
stabilizes
Mexico,
implements the revolution, expropriates
foreign oil properties (1938)
1964
Ouster of Khrushchev
1943-1955
Perón dominates Argentina
1967
The Six-Day war between Israel and the Arab
countries
1952
Bolivian Revolution
1959
Fidel Castro triumphs in Cuba
1968
Student agitation strikes in France; Warsaw
pact countries occupy Czechoslovakia
1961
1969
De Gaulle quits office; Pompidou president;
American moon landing
Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba fails; Trujillo
assassinated, ending 31-year dictatorship in
the Dominican Republic
1970-1971
Issue of Britain’s adherence to the Common
Market; Sino-American relations; problems of
the American and world economies
1962
Missile crisis between Russia and the United
States
1965
First Pan-American Assembly on Population
meets in Colombia; President Lyndon
Johnson sends Marines to the Dominican
Republic
1970
Salvador Allende elected president of Chile
1960
2.5.3.2
AD
The Cold War
1939
German-Soviet nonaggression treaty
1941
Germany invades Soviet Union; Pearl Harbor
1943
Discovery of Katyn massacre; U.S.S.R.
rupture with Polish government in exile;
Teheran Conference
1944
AD
AD
in
Córdoba,
The Middle East Since 1940
1941
Anglo-Soviet troops occupy Iran; Riza Shah
deposed and replaced by son
1945
Formation of Arab League
Normandy landing; pro-Soviet Polish National
Committee created; Warsaw uprising;
Churchill-Stalin agreement in Moscow; civil
conflict in Greece
1945-1947
1946
Yalta Conference; pro-Soviet Groza formed in
Rumania; Potsdam Conference; first atomic
bomb dropped, on Hiroshima; Moscow
Conference
French troops evacuate Lebanon and Syria;
Britain
recognizes
independence
of
Transjordan (Jordan)
1947
1946
Churchill’s “iron curtain” speech at Fulton,
Missouri
Truman Doctrine promising support to
Greece and Turkey; United Nations partition
of Palestine, evacuation of British Troops
1948
Proclamation of State of Israel
1947
Announcement of “Truman Doctrine” for aid
to Greece and Turkey; Marshall Plan
launched; creation of Cominform
1948-1949
1948
Communist coup in Prague; Tito’s Yugoslavia
expelled from Cominform; beginning of Berlin
blockade
1949
North Atlantic Treaty signed;
People’s Republic proclaimed
1950
North Korean invasion of South Korea;
Atlantic Council agrees on measures of West
German rearmament
1953
Death of Stalin
1956
Khrushchev denunciation of Stalin; Gomulka
becomes First Secretary of Polish Communist
party; abortive Hungarian uprising
1945
2.5.3.3
2.5.3.4
begins
Chinese
1957
Khrushchev defeats “anti-Party
launching of first Soviet Sputnik
group”;
1959
Fidel Castro victory in Cuba
1960
Revelation of Sino-Soviet rift
1961
Abortive Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba;
erection of Berlin wall
1962
Cuban missile crisis
Latin America in Ferment
1898
Spanish-American War
1910
Revolution begins in Mexico
1912
Universal compulsory male suffrage law
passed in Argentina
2.5.3.5
AD
Azerbaijan crisis
Arab-Israeli war
1949
First of seri3s of military revolts in Syria
1951
Nationalization of oil industry in Iran
1952
Military revolution in Egypt overthrows
monarchy and establishes republic
1954
Anglo-Egyptian
Treaty
evacuation of British troops
1955
Baghdad Pact
1958
Military revolt in Iraq ends monarchy
1962
Civil War in Yemen, overthrow of monarchy
1967
Arab-Israeli war
1968
Independence of Southern Yemen
providing
for
Africa since 1945
1944
Brazzavillle Conference of French Union
1945
Fifth Pan-African Conference, Manchester
1948
Nationalist Party comes to power in Union of
South Africa
1952
Overthrow of King Farouk in Egypt; Mau Mau
emergency proclaimed in Kenya
1954
Algerian war of independence begins
1955
Bandung conference
1956
Independence of Sudan, Tunisia, Morocco
1957
Independence of Ghana
1958
Referendum in French Africa; conference of
Independent African States, Accra; All-African
30
People’s Conference, Accra; independence of
Guinea
2.5.3.6
AD
1960
Year of Africa (independence of 17 states);
Congo crisis breaks out; Katanga secession
1961
Creation of Casablanca and Monrovia groups;
Angola rebellion begins (first in Portuguese
Africa)
1962
Algeria gains independence; end of Katanga
secession
1963
Creation of Organization of African Unity
1965
Unilateral Declaration of Independence by
Southern Rhodesia
1966
Coups in Nigeria (death of Balewa) and
Ghana (fall of Nkrumah)
1967
Secession of Biafra
1970
End of Biafra secession
1965
Attempted communist coup in Indonesia,
resulting in military control under Suharto;
major U.S. intervention in Vietnam; IndiaPakistan conflict over Kashmir
1966
“Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution” and
purge of Liu Shao-chi in China; opening of
Asian Development Bank; founding of ASPAC
(Asian and Pacific Council)
1967
Founding of ASEAN (Association of Southeast
Asian Nations)
1968
Cessation of U.S. bombing of North Vietnam
and start of Paris negotiations on Vietnam
1969
Sino-Soviet border conflict; Nixon’s “Guam
Doctrine”; U.S. agreement with Sato
government on return of Okinawa to Japan;
death of Ho Chi Minh in North Vietnam;
growth of Japanese gross national product
makes Japan third-largest economy in the
world
1970
Overthrow of Sihanouk and U.S. military
intervention in Cambodia
1971
Announcement of planned Nixon trip to
Peking
The New Asia
1945
Dropping of first atomic bombs; Soviet entry
in the Pacific war; Japanese surrender and
end of World War II in Asia
1946
Unsuccessful U.S. attempt to mediate
Nationalist-Communist conflict in China and
renewal of Chinese civil war; independence
of the Philippines
1947
Independence of India and Pakistan
1948
Independence of Burma; outbreak of
Communist-led rebellions in Burma and
several other Southeast Asian countries;
assassination of Gandhi in India
1949
AD
Communist victory over Chiang Kai-shek’s
regime in China and establishment of the
People’s Republic of China under Mao Tsetung; independence of Indonesia under
Sukarno
1950
Sino-Soviet alliance; outbreak of Korean War
1951
Japanese peace treaty and U.S.-Japan
security treaty; start of Korean peace
negotiations at Panmunjom; India’s first FiveYear Plan
1953
Truce in Korea; China’s first Five-Year Plan;
election of Magsaysay as president of the
Philippines
1954
Geneva Conference and French withdrawal
from Indochina; establishment of SEATO
(Southeast Asia Treaty Organization)
1955
Bandung conference of Asian-African leaders;
start of U.S.-China Geneva-Warsaw talks
1957
2.5.3.7
Malayan
independence;
Sukarno’s
introduction of “guided democracy” in
Indonesia; revolt in Sumatra and outer
islands of Indonesia
2.5.3.8
AD
The United States Since Word War II
1946
Employment Act creates Council of Economic
Advisors
1947
Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan
1949
North Atlantic Treaty Organization approved
1950
Outbreak of Korean War
1950-1960
Sale of television sets averages over 7 million
a year by 1960, 88 per cent of all households
have television
1954
Supreme Court declares racially segregated
schools unconstitutional
1956
Martin
Luther
King,
Jr.,
organizes
Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott
1958
First commercial jet airplanes in service
1962
Cuban missile crisis
1963
Assassination of President John F. Kennedy
1964
Student riots at the University of California,
Berkeley
1965
President Lyndon B. Johnson “escalates” the
Vietnamese War; Education Act provides first
comprehensive aid to education; race riot in
Watts district, Los Angeles, California
1968
Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
1969
Astronauts land on the moon
The State of Culture Today
1870
Education Acts passed in most countries of
western Europe: free compulsory education;
beginnings of industrial literacy
1958
“Great Leap Forward” in China; “offshore
islands” crisis on China coast
1871
1959
Tibetan
revolt;
incidents
End of Franco-Prussian War; beginning of
armed diplomacy leading to 1914
1889
1960
Open debate in Sino-Soviet relations;
renewed conflict in Vietnam; revision of the
U.S.-Japan security treaty
Paris World’s Fair: the Eiffel Tower and the
triumph of machinery; London dockers’ strike
1890-1905
The new Romanticism: Symbolism; Art for
Art’s sake; Decadence; Post-impressionism
1962
China-India
border
conflict;
Geneva
Conference on Laos; Ne Win coup d’état in
Burma
1890-1910
1964
China’s first nuclear test; death of Nehru;
Indonesian “confrontation” with Malaysia
Invention or discovery of: the automobile;
serum therapy; Diesel engine; Kodak roll
film; motion pictures; heavier-than-air flying
machine;
finger-printing;
striptease;
tuberculin; appendectomy; plastic surgery;
color
photography;
wireless;
artificial
Chinese-Indian
border
31
diamonds; spinal anesthesia; psychoanalysis;
Mendelian genetics; histidine; radioactivity;
vacuum tube; artificial insemination; organ
transplant; quantum theory; relativity;
Salvarsan for syphilis; anaphylaxis; artificial
materials from resins and cellulose
1894-1906
The Dreyfus Affair; the intellectuals a new
political force
1895-1917
The emergence of Marxism and Syndicalism;
Reflections on Violence (1908); the
suffragettes; the coming “century of the
child”
1900
“The Yellow Peril”; Western envoys besieged
in Peking and relieved by a European army
under a German general
1900-1911
The century turns; Art Nouveau and the new
democratic life – penny press; peace
crusades, Balkan Wars, international crises
1905-1915
The Cubist Decade – innovation in all the
arts, notably architecture
1914-1918
The Four Years War, ultimately the First
World War, shatters European power
1919-1939
“Between Wars” – unrest and indifference
under the sway of diminished intelligence;
culture imitative, regressive and derisive of
itself; second youth movement and yearning
for peace
1929-1939
World-wide economic depression
1939-1945
The Second World War; military application
of scientific power, culminating in atomic
explosion at Hiroshima
1945 ff.
The Age of Anxiety; the Cold War in a divided
world; local wars linked with decolonization
and universal shrinkage of power; the race to
reach the moon; ostentation and propaganda
1964
The cellular revolution: internal and external
disorder, the third youth movement, and the
second women’s liberation; decay and stasis
of institutions; art against society; anti-art
against the culture and the self; the absurd
and the obscene in the effort at destruction
or recovery; the drug experience and the
experience of dissolution
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