Download The Age of Jefferson 1801

The Age of Jefferson 1801–1816
A Republican
Takes Office
The Louisiana
Purchase
New Threats from
Overseas
The Road to War
The War of 1812
A Republican Takes Office
•
How did Jefferson’s presidency reflect a democratic style?
•
What actions did Jefferson take to reduce the power of the federal government?
•
How did Chief Justice John Marshall strengthen the Supreme Court?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jefferson’s Democratic Style
Jefferson wanted to make the government more democratic, which means ensuring that all people
have the same rights.
•
He made his inauguration a low-key affair instead of a fancy one.
•
He preferred quiet dinners to formal parties.
•
To show that the President was an ordinary citizen, he wore casual clothes and greeted
people by shaking hands instead of bowing.
•
He promised that although his party, the Republicans, were in the majority, he would not
treat the Federalists harshly. In his inaugural address, he said, “The minority possess their
equal rights, which equal laws must protect.”
Jefferson’s Economic Policies
•
Jefferson believed that one way to lessen government power was to reduce the federal budget.
•
Jefferson believed in the economic idea known as laissez faire, a policy in which the government
plays as small a role as possible in economic affairs.
•
Instead the economy relies on a free market where goods and services are exchanged with little
regulation.
Jefferson Reduced the Power of the Federal Government
Goal: Reduce Size of Government
Tries to cut federal
Policies
budget and reduce
federal debt
•
Promotes laissez-faire
policies in economic
affairs
•
Policies
•
Goal: Reconcile Party Differences
•
•
Retains the Bank of the United States
Continues to pay off state debts using
federal moneys
•
Allows many Federalists to keep their
government jobs
Decreases the size of
government departments
•
Reduces the size of the
army and navy
Chief Justice Marshall and the Supreme Court
• Asks Congress to repeal
•
John Adams
appointed
the had
whiskey
tax John Marshall as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Marshall was a
Federalist.
•
Marshall found the courts to be weaker than other branches of government.
•
When William Marbury sued Secretary of State James Madison, the case came before the Supreme
Court. The Judiciary Act of 1789 said the Supreme Court could decide cases against federal officials.
•
In the Supreme Court’s decision in the case of Marbury v. Madison, Marshall wrote that the Constitution
didn’t give the Supreme Court the right to hear such a case, and Congress could not give it the right.
Therefore, the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional.
•
The decision in Marbury v. Madison set a precedent. It gave the Supreme Court the power of judicial
review—the power to decide whether laws passed by Congress were constitutional and to reject laws
that it considered unconstitutional.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jefferson believed in a free market, which is
a)
a grocery store run by ordinary farmers.
b)
an economy in which goods and services are exchanged with little regulation.
c)
an economy in which the government works to promote trade and manufacturing.
d)
an economic situation with high government spending and high government debt.
In the case of Marbury v. Madison, Chief Justice Marshall
a)
reduced the power of the Supreme Court.
b)
established the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review.
c)
established the Supreme Court’s power to decide cases against federal officials.
d)
upheld the Judiciary Act.
The Louisiana Purchase
•
Why was control of the Mississippi River important to the United States?
•
How did the United States purchase Louisiana?
•
What were the results of the explorations of Lewis and Clark and of Zebulon Pike?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Control of the Mississippi River
•
Farmers west of the Appalachians shipped their crops on the Mississippi to New Orleans. From there,
ships carried the produce to Atlantic ports.
•
Spain controlled New Orleans. Sometimes they threatened to close the port. In the Pinckney Treaty of
1795, Spain agreed to let Americans ship their goods down the Mississippi to New Orleans.
•
In 1800 Spain gave Louisiana back to France. Napoleon wanted to grow food in Louisiana.
•
Events in Haiti, a French colony in the Caribbean, ruined his plans. Enslaved Africans in Haiti revolted
and declared their independence.
•
To gain control of Louisiana, Jefferson decided to buy Louisiana.
The United States Buys Louisiana
•
Jefferson sent Robert Livingston and James Monroe to buy New Orleans and West Florida from
Napoleon.
•
Livingston and Monroe met with the French foreign minister. After some time, he asked them if they
would like to buy all of Louisiana.
•
Surprised, Livingston at first offered $4 million. Eventually, he and Monroe agreed to $15 million.
•
No one was sure the purchase was constitutional. In the end, Jefferson decided that he did have the
authority to buy Louisiana. The Senate approved the treaty, and the Louisiana Purchase went into
effect.
The Expedition of Lewis and Clark
Purpose of the expedition, or long journey of exploration
•
to map a route across the Louisiana Purchase to the Pacific Ocean
•
to study the territory’s geography—land, climate, plants, and animals
•
to learn about the Indian nations who lived there
The journey
•
Lewis and Clark left from St. Louis and crossed the plains by way of the Missouri River. Sacagawea, a
Shoshone woman, and her husband agreed to accompany the party as translators.
•
The Shoshones showed Lewis and Clark the best route over the Rockies. Lewis and Clark crossed the
Continental Divide, the high mountain ridge that separates river systems flowing toward opposite sides
of the continent.
•
The party built canoes and floated down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean.
•
The return trip back to St. Louis took another year.
The Expedition of Zebulon Pike
Purpose of the journey was
•
to explore the upper Mississippi River, the Arkansas River, and parts of present-day Colorado and New
Mexico.
The journey
•
From Colorado and New Mexico, Pike entered Spanish territory. Spanish troops arrested Pike and his
men and took them into Mexico.
•
The party was later escorted through Texas back to the United States.
New Threats From Overseas
•
What were the benefits and risks of overseas trade?
•
How did the British and French violate the neutrality of American ships?
•
Why did Jefferson decide to impose an embargo?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Benefits and Risks of Overseas Trade
Benefits
•
Yankee traders built up a profitable trade, for
Risks
•
One great risk was pirates. Pirates from the
example, trade with India, with China, and in
Barbary States on the north coast of North
the Pacific Northwest
Africa attacked vessels in the Mediterranean
Sea. To protect American ships, the rulers of
those states demanded a yearly tribute, or
bribe.
•
When Jefferson refused to pay, one of the
Barbary States, Tripoli, declared war on the
United States. Jefferson blockaded the port of
Tripoli. American marines launched a surprise
attack. The ruler of Tripoli agreed not to
interfere with American ships.
The British and French Violate the Neutrality of American Ships
•
Britain and France went to war again in 1803.
•
American merchants traded with both sides.
•
Neither side wanted Americans to trade with the other side. The French seized American ships bound
for England. The British seized American ships bound for France.
•
The British also stepped up impressment, the practice of forcing people into service. They seized
young men from English villages and both English and American-born sailors from American ships.
•
Angry Americans called for war.
Jefferson and the Embargo
•
Hoping to hurt France and Britain by cutting off supplies, Jefferson proposed an embargo, or ban on
trade.
•
He persuaded Congress to pass the Embargo Act, which hurt Britain and France but hurt Americans
even more.
•
Merchants protested against the embargo. Some turned to smuggling, importing or exporting goods in
violation of trade laws.
•
Jefferson used troops to enforce the embargo.
•
Jefferson admitted that the Embargo Act had failed.
•
Congress replaced the Embargo Act with the Nonintercourse Act, which said Americans could trade
with all nations except Britain and France.
Section 2 and 3 Review Question
Why was control of the Mississippi River important to Americans in the early 1800s?
a)
Farmers west of the Appalachian Mountains used the Mississippi to get their goods to market.
b)
The Mississippi River was the first step in the journey of Lewis and Clark.
c)
Toussaint L’Ouverture could attack the French in Haiti from the port of New Orleans.
d)
Jefferson was interested in the Native Americans who lived along the river.
One purpose of the Lewis and Clark expedition was to
a)
prove that the Louisiana Purchase was constitutional.
b)
find a route into Spanish territory.
c)
bring back information about the territory’s geography.
d)
lead settlers into the western lands.
In the early 1800s, Britain ignored American claims of neutrality by stopping American ships and
a)
forcing the Americans to pay tribute.
b)
seizing French sailors.
c)
seizing American sailors.
d)
buying supplies right off the ships.
To hurt Britain and France so they would leave American ships alone, Jefferson tried an embargo, which
means
a)
violating trade laws.
b)
banning trade.
c)
stocking up on imports.
d)
protesting loudly against trade laws.
The Road to War
Early Conflicts Between Settlers and Native Americans
•
Between 1790 and 1810, 900,000 settlers moved west of the Appalachians. They built farms on
Indian lands and hunted animals the Indians needed for food.
•
Settlers ignored treaties that the United States government had signed with Indian nations.
•
Fighting often broke out between Native Americans and settlers. In 1791 Indians drove settlers from
Ohio.
•
American forces under General Anthony Wayne defeated the Miamis and other Indian nations at Fallen
Timbers, in present-day Ohio.
•
In 1795, the Miamis and other Indian nations signed the Treaty of Greenville, in which they gave up
land that would later become part of Ohio. In return, they received $20,000 and the promise of more
money if they kept the peace.
Conflicts Between Settlers and Native Americans
Tecumseh’s Confederation
•
What Tecumseh •
and his brother,
The Prophet,
believed
What the
Prophet did
What Tecumseh
did
to
•
Built a village for his followers along Tippecanoe Creek in
Indiana Territory.
•
Worked to organize Indian nations between the Mississippi River
and the Appalachian Mountains into a confederation, or league.
Called for unity against the settlers.
•
•
They could keep settlers from taking more Indian land.
By returning to the old ways, Indians could gain the power
resist white invaders.
Troops under Governor William Henry Harrison marched against
Prophetstown. The Prophet led a surprise attack on Harrison’s
troops. In the Battle of Tippecanoe, both sides suffered heavy
losses. Harrison’s troops defeated the Prophet’s forces.
What the United
States did
Why the War Hawks Pushed for War with Britain
•
The British were supplying guns and ammunition to Native Americans on the frontier. They encouraged
Indians to attack settlements.
•
President Madison said that if either the British or French would stop seizing American ships, the
United States would stop trading the other nation. France agreed to stop, so the United States traded
with France but not with Britain.
•
The War Hawks were members of Congress from the South and the West who called for war. They
were stirred by nationalism, or devotion to one’s country. They said Britain was treating the United
States as if it were a British colony.
•
One War Hawk, Henry Clay, hoped that in a war the United States could conquer Canada.
•
Other War Hawks said that in a war with Britain, the United States could seize Florida from Britain’s
ally, Spain.
•
To cut off American trade with France, British warships blockaded American ports. Finally in June 1812,
Congress declared war on Britain.
Tecumseh and the Prophet tried to organize a confederation of Indian nations in order to
a)
keep settlers from taking any more Indian land.
b)
drive the British out of Ohio for good.
c)
oppose Native American rivals west of the Mississippi.
d)
build more settlements like Prophetstown.
One reason the United States declared war on Britain in 1812 was that
a)
Americans hoped a war would bring them more trade with Canada.
b)
Spain threatened to sell Florida to Britain.
c)
Britain kept trading with France.
d)
Britain continued to seize American ships.
The War of 1812
•
How was the United States unprepared early in the war?
•
What successes did Americans have in the West?
•
How did the final battles of the war progress?
•
Why did New Englanders protest against the war?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The United States Was Not Prepared for War
•
The United States Navy had only 16 ships. The British had a huge fleet.
•
The United States Army was small and ill equipped. Many officers knew little about warfare.
•
The government relied on volunteers, who were poorly trained and had little experience in battle.
Many deserted.
The War of 1812 in the West
The invasion of Canada
General William Hull led American troops into Canada. The Canadians
made it look like their forces were large and included experienced British
troops. The Americans retreated.
Battle of Lake Erie
Captain Oliver Hazard Perry designed and built his own ships. Perry’s
fleet met a British fleet on Lake Erie. The Americans won the battle.
Battle of the Thames
General William Henry Harrison’s troops pursued a British force and their
ally Tecumseh toward Canada. The Americans won a victory at the Battle
of the Thames. Tecumseh died in the battle.
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Andrew Jackson and American troops defeated the Creeks. The
Americans won the battle.
The Final Battles of the War of 1812
Bladensburg, Maryland
British troops marching toward Washington, D.C., met American troops
about 30 miles from Washington. The British scattered the Americans.
Washington, D.C.
The British set fire to the White House and other buildings, then set off for
Baltimore.
Baltimore, Maryland
The British bombarded the harbor but were unable to take Fort McHenry.
They withdrew. Francis Scott Key wrote “The Star-Spangled Banner”
about this battle.
New Orleans
The British attacked the city. Andrew Jackson led a strong force of
frontiersmen and Choctaw Indians. Citizens of New Orleans, including
African Americans, joined his forces. British losses were heavy. The
American forces won a victory at the Battle of New Orleans.
The Final Battles of the War of 1812
New Englanders Protest the War
•
The British blockade hurt New England’s sea trade.
•
New Englanders feared that the United States might win land in Florida and Canada, which would
become new states. That would make the South and the West more influential than New England.
•
Delegates from New England states met at the Hartford Convention, in Hartford, Connecticut. They
threatened to leave the Union if the war continued.
•
While the Hartford Convention was still meeting, news of a peace treaty arrived.
•
The Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812. It was named after the city in Belgium where it was
signed. In the treaty, Britain and the United States agreed to go back to the way things were before the
war.