Download Muscles Review Sheet

Muscles Flashcards
1. What muscle layer surrounds an
individual muscle fiber?
2. What muscle layer surrounds a fascicle
(bundle of muscle fibers)
3. What muscle layer surrounds a bunch
of fascicles?
4. What muscle layer becomes the
tendon?
5. What is the MUSCLE FASCIA
1.
2.
3.
4.
Endomycium
Perimycium
Epimycium (becomes the tendon)
Epimycium (becomes the tendon)

MUSCLE FASCIA is loose fibrous
connective tissue on the outside of the
muscle.
It creates a slippery surface for muscles to rub
against each other.
6. What does it do?

7. What is an aponeurosis?
8. Name four types of muscles
9. Which muscle type has long fibers that
contract a long way but are relatively
weak?
10. Name 3 types of PENNATE
MUSCLES
11. What type of muscle has many short
fascicles, is fairly strong, and insert on
one side of a tendon?

A modified tendon. It usually inserts just
under the skin. This occurs in the palm and
scalp.
TYPES OF MUSCLES:
 PARALLEL
 PENNATE
 CONVERGENT
 CIRCULAR
PARALLEL MUSCLE
PENNATE (pinnate=feather)
1. UNIPENNATE
2. BIPENNATE
3. MULTIPENNATE
UNIPENNATE
Muscles Flashcards
12. What muscle type has fascicles that
insert into the tendon from both sides?
BIPENNATE
13. What muscle type has fascicles in
multiple bundles inserting on one
tendon?
MULTIPENNATE are the strongest; they are multitendon (biceps femoris; deltoid).
14. Which muscle type is the strongest?
15. What muscle type has more fibers than
parallel, the fibers come together on the
tip of a tendon, and contract a greater
distance than pinnate?
16. What does a Circular Muscle form?
CONVERGENT MUSCLE

Circular Muscle forms SPHINCTER.
Muscles Flashcards
17. Define ORIGIN
18. Define INSERTION
Origin: The region which usually doesn’t move when the
muscle contracts. Look at the biceps brachii; does the
shoulder move when I bend my arm (insertion)? No; the
shoulder = origin.
Insertion: The point of attachment that moves; bend arm,
radial tuberosity = attachment.
19. What is the main muscle for a particular AGONIST
action
20. called?
21. What is the muscle that helps the agonist SYNERGIST
(primary mover)?
22. What muscle does the opposite action of the
ANTAGONIST
prime mover?
23. What are the 3 types of muscle cells?
 SKELETAL
 SMOOTH
 CARDIAC
24. Which muscles are voluntary?
25. Which are striated?
26. Where is skeletal muscle found and
what does it do?
27. Where is cardiac muscle found and
what structure does it have that the
other muscle types do not have?
28. Where is smooth muscle found?
29. What is a muscle stem cell called?
30. Why are there almost no muscle
diseases?
31. What 2 things are needed for muscle
contraction?
32. What is a MOTOR UNIT?
1) Skeletal
2) Skeletal and cardiac
Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and it moves the
skeleton
Cardiac muscle is only in the heart. It has intercalated
discs
Smooth muscle is found in almost all organs, such as
the stomach and uterus.
MYOBLAST
Because adults have myoblasts and because muscle
can heal.
NERVE SIGNAL and CALCIUM
A single neuron and all of the muscle fibers on which
it synapses.
Muscles Flashcards
33. What happens to muscles after much
exercise?
34. What happens to muscles after lack of
use?
35. What are characteristics of muscle
atrophy?
36. What is MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
caused from?
37. What is lacking in muscular
dystrophy?
38. What is the main symptom of muscular
dystrophy?
39. When smooth muscle contracts around
the intestines, the movement is called?
40. What type of muscle has a series of gap
junctions (for cell-to-cell
communication) and desmosomes (that
hold cells together) which join each
cell?
41. Fill in the table:
Skeletal
muscle
Involuntary
or
voluntary?
Striated or
nonstriated
Where is it
found?
Smooth
muscle
Cardiac
muscle
Exercise  HYPERTROPHY (Hyper=above
normal) (growth in size); can happen in two ways:
1. Increase in number of myofibrils
2. Increase in number of myofilaments
Those two things cause an increase in size of
individual myofibers
NOTE: the number of myofibers does NOT increase
Lack of use  ATROPHY.
a) It is caused by lack of use
b) myofilaments within the muscle decrease in size
c) severe atrophy involves replacement of muscle
fibers with connective tissue
d) damaged nerve and immobilization in a cast can
cause atrophy
Atrophy generally does NOT involve loss of muscle
cells unless it is severe.
This is a genetic lack of a protein called
DISTROPHIN.
The protein, dystrophin. Without it, the muscles turn
to connective tissue and harden.
The muscle cell won’t contract = paralysis.
PERISTALSIS.
Cardiac Muscle
Invol
voluntary?
Striated or
nonstriated
Where is it
found?
Skeletal
muscle
Volun
Smooth
muscle
Involun
Cardiac
muscle
Involun
Striated
Nonstriated
blood
vessels,
uterus,
intestines,
bladder,
other
organs
Striated
Inserts
onto
bones
Myocardium
of heart
Muscles Flashcards
42. What is the normal state of a muscle,
with some contraction?

MUSCLE TONE
43. What is the molecular energy needed
for MUSCLE CONTRACTION?
44. What do the mitochondria need in order
to produce this energy?
45. What are MUSCLE SPASMS

ATP.

The mitochondria need oxygen and the sugars
that are in storage to produce this energy.
Sudden and involuntary muscle contractions.
Usually caused from overexertion. Needs
heat and massage to increase circulation.

46. How can you avoid them?
47. What is OXYGEN DEBT?

You can avoid muscle spasms by stretching
before and after activities.

The amount of oxygen needed to replenish the
supply following aerobic demand.





You experience oxygen debt when you
continue to breathe heavily after exercising
improved muscular strength, endurance,
flexibility
improved cardio-respiratory endurance
increased bone density and strength
relief from depression and increased HDLs
Extensibility

Elasticity

Excitability

Actin and myosin


The sarcomere
Sarcomere


Muscle fiber or myofiber
Actin (thin) and myosin (thick)


No, they just slide past each other
When calcium ions bind to the myofilament.

The thin (actin filament)
48. How do you know when you have it?
49. Name 4 physiological benefits of
exercise:
50. Which characteristic of skeletal muscle
allows the fibers to be stretched?
51. Which characteristic of skeletal muscle
allows the fibers to recoil to their
original length after being stretched?
52. Which characteristic of skeletal muscle
allows the fibers to stimulated by a
nerve?
53. Muscle myofibrils contain what two
proteins?
54. What is it that contracts in muscle?
55. What is the basic structural and
functional unit of skeletal muscle?
56. What is a single muscle cell called?
57. What are the two types of
myofilaments?
58. Do actin and myosin shorten?
59. When does the sliding filament
mechanism begin?
60. Which myofilament does calcium bind
onto?

Muscles Flashcards
61. Where is calcium stored for muscle
 Sarcoplasmic reticulum
contraction?
62. To which myofilament does ATP attach
 ATP attaches to the myosin filament
in a muscle fiber?
63. What is required for muscle relaxation?
 ATP
64. What neurotransmitter is used for
 Acetylcholine, which is released onto the
contraction of skeletal muscle, and on
region known as the end plate
what region does it land on?
65. What two proteins wrap around actin?
 Tropomyosin and troponin
66. What specific molecule on actin is the
 Troponin
binding site for calcium?
67. What covers the actin filament when
 Tropomyosin and troponin
muscle is relaxed?
68. Which protein blocks the attachment
 Tropomyosin
site for myosin heads?
69. What size motor unit will supply less
 Small motor unit
strength and more precision?
NOTE: questions in yellow are for A&P students only. They are physiology questions that are not for
the Anatomy students.
70. Muscle fibers exist in what two basic
 Fast twitch and slow twitch
forms?
71. Which form has relatively few
 Fast twitch
mitochondria that generate most of
their ATP via glycolysis, so they have
low resistance to fatigue, and they wear
out quickly
72. What phase of muscle contraction is the
 lag phase
time between the application of a
stimulus and the beginning of
contraction?
73. What phase of muscle contraction is the
 contraction phase
time of contraction?
74. What phase of muscle contraction is the
 relaxation phase
time during which the muscle relaxes?
75. What phase of muscle contraction is the
 refractory period
time between muscle twitches?
76. The force of contraction produced by a
 Summation and recruitment
muscle is increased in what two ways?
77. Which way involves increasing the
 Summation
force of contraction of the muscle fibers
within the muscle by rapidly
stimulating them?
78. Which way involves increasing the
 Recruitment
number of fibers contracting?
79. What is an example of an isometric
 Pushing against a wall
Muscles Flashcards
contraction?
80. Which type of contraction causes
muscle tension to increase as the
muscle shortens?
81. What is an example of an isotonic
contraction?
82. What is muscle tone?

Concentric contractions

Lifting a weight

The normal state of muscle, with some
contraction.
Not enough muscle tone
Flaccidity
83. What is HYPOtonia? What type of
hypotonia is there?


84. What group of disorders often present
with HYPOtonia?

85. What is hypertonia? What two types of
HYPERtonia are there?
86. How do you test for the presence of
spasticity?
87. What autoimmune disorder often
presents with spasticity?
88. What other three disorders often
present with spasticity?



89. How do you test for clonus?
90. The presence of clonus indicates what
type of disorder?
91. How can you test for the difference
between an upper and lower motor
neuron disorder?
92. What is the most common cause of
hyper-reflexia?
93. What generally causes muscle
fasciculations?
94. Does alcohol cause them?
95. What is the most common cause of
hyporreflexia?
96. What are causes muscle contractures?
97. What types of patients get muscle
contractures?

Lower motor neuron diseases (certain spinal
cord injuries and lesions, ALS/Lou Gehrig’s
Disease)
Excess muscle tone
Spasticity and Rigidity
Passively move their elbow quickly, and their
muscle will tighten up
Multiple sclerosis

Cerebral palsy, certain spinal cord injuries
and lesions, and stroke (upper motor neuron
disorders)
 Passively and rapidly dorsiflex the foot. If the
foot then jerks 5 times or more, clonus is
present.
 Upper motor neuron disorder (Cerebral palsy,
spinal cord injury, and stroke)
 LMN disease will present with flaccidly
(hypotonia), and UMN disease presents with
spasticity (hypertonia)
 Spinal cord injury involving upper motor
neurons
 Diarrhea
 Dehydration
 Fatigue
 Benadryl
Alcohol does NOT cause them. It relaxes muscle
 Lower motor neuron disease


They are caused by elastic fibers becoming
inelastic fibers, and flexibility is reduced.
They are seen in patients with paralysis,
muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy.
Muscles Flashcards
98. When does a person switch from
aerobic metabolism to anaerobic?

99. Where is ATP made during aerobic
respiration?
100.
Where is ATP made during
anaerobic respiration?
101. What are the waste products of
regular, aerobic respiration? How do
we get rid of them?

In muscles, when they run out of ATP (sprint
running), they will start to make it
anaerobically
Mitochondria

Cytoplasm

CO2 and water. We exhale them
102. What is the waste product of anaerobic
metabolism? How do we get rid of it?

103. What is the storage form of ATP?

Lactic acid. We breathe heavier to bring in
oxygen, which converts lactic acid into
glucose
Creatine phosphate
104. What stops us from being able to
continue performing anaerobic
metabolism (when you have to stop
sprint running and catch your
breath)?

Glucose depletion and buildup of too much
lactic acid.