Download Biology Final Exam

Biology
Review for Final Exam (Fall Semester)
Directions: Answer the following on a separate sheet of paper.
SCIENTIFIC PROCESSES
1. List the order of the steps of scientific method.
2. Describe how to safely carry a microscope.
3. What is the difference between a scientific observation and a hypothesis?
4. What is the purpose of a control in an experiment?
5. What scientific device would provide the most accurate measure of the volume of a liquid?
6. The most appropriate graph to use to represent data on plant height over time would be pie chart, bar graph, line graph
7. To increase the reliability of the results of an experiment, what should one do?
For the following questions, use the scenario and graph below.
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What would be the hypothesis for the germinating plants at 7 days?
What is the first appropriate concentration to end the experiment?
What is the independent variable in the experiment?
Using the graph, approximately how many seeds germinated between 107 and 109 IAA concentration in the 7 day plants?
Using the graph, predict the number of seeds that germinated in the 10 day group with 1012 concentration of IAA.
According to the data, can one conclude that the IAA chemical speeds up seed germination? Explain why or why not.
To expand upon this experiment, additional experimentation might include what?
15. Describe what is happening in the graph between the lynx and hare populations.
16. What is the magnification of a specimen viewed in a light microscope with an ocular lens of 10x and an objective lens of 25x?
ECOLOGY
17. Define and give an example of the following:
a. Ecological succession,
b. Predator/prey relationship,
c. Trophic level.
18. How have existing ecosystems been disturbed?
19. Why does the total amount of energy decrease at each trophic level?
20. Describe the following terms:
a. limiting factors
b. competition
c. carrying capacity
21. Define each symbiotic relationship then give an example of each.
a.
b.
c.
mutualism
parasitism
commensalism
A
22. Refer to the illustration above.
a. Trophic level A is composed of what kinds of organisms?
b. Trophic levels B-D are composed of what kinds of organisms?
23. In what direction does energy flow? From the______--> to plants-->_______-->to carnivores
24. What limits an ecosystem?
25. The pyramid above represents the amount of energy at every trophic level of an energy pyramid. Why does the total amount of energy
decrease at each level (where does it go) and how much is lost at each level?
26. Name some negative and positive ways humans are affecting the carbon cycle.
27. Describe the following terms:
a. Community
b. Population
c. Species
d. Niche
e. Habitat
28. How do each of the following get energy?
a. producers
b. autotrophs
c. detritivores
d. decomposers
e. consumers
f. herbivores
CELLS
Cell A
29. Define the following and give an example of each:
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a. proteins
b. carbohydrates
c. lipids
d. nucleic acids
What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?
What are the two types of eukaryotic cells?
Refer to the illustration to the right. Which cell is an example of a eukaryote?
Refer to the illustration to the right. Why is Cell B is probably an animal cell?
A cell that requires a lot of energy might contain large numbers of which type of structure?
What is a specialized cell? Name an example.
Where is genetic information stored in the cell?
Cell B
What organelle disposes of wastes?
Name structures that are present in plant cells, but not in animal cells.
List the parts of the cell theory.
What cellular organelle manufactures proteins/enzymes?
What are the functions of the cell membrane?
What organelle directs all the cell’s activities?
Identify the organelles pictured.
CELLULAR ENERGY
44. What are the chemical formulas for cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
45. How is photosynthesis essential to life on Earth?
46. What are the 4 reactants/catalysts required for photosynthesis?
47. Why is ATP is called a cell’s “energy currency”? (Hint: What is the function of ATP?)
48. Define enzyme.
49. Which form of cellular respiration allows the most energy from glucose (sugar)? Lactic acid fermentation, Alcoholic fermentation, or
Aerobic respiration
50. Where does cellular respiration occur?
51. Fermentation involves the breakdown of sugar, when _______ is no longer present.
52. During aerobic respiration, glycolysis must be followed by which process? the Calvin cycle, photosynthesis, the Kreb’s cycle, or
fermentation
53. What pigment causes a plant to look green?
54. What color does caratonoids cause plants to look?
55. When glucose is broken down in cellular respiration, there is a release of ____________gas.
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Compare and contrast cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
What is unique about the Calvin cycle?
Where does cellular respiration occur, plants, animals or both?
Different Effects on Leaf Size
Leaf
Size
in
cm
Tomato
Leaf A
Tomato
Leaf B
Substance or Condition Tested
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What was the effect of Cadmium on leaf size?
Which plant characteristic did Cadmium not have a positive influence?
What would be the independent variable for the experiment conducted above?
What would be the dependent variable for the experiment conducted above?
63. According to the graph above, which wavelength of light increases photosynthesis rate the most?
64. Write a statement that accurately explains why green light produces the least amount of photosynthesis?
MITOSIS AND CELL CYCLE
65. List the stages of the cell cycle in order.
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In what stage of the cell cycle is DNA copied?
Which stage does the cell spend most of its time?
What is the goal of mitosis?
List the correct sequence of mitosis and briefly describe what is happening in each phase.
Define cancer.
Mutations have caused what type of problem in the cell cycle of a typical cancer cell?
Growth of Cell A and Cell B
Cell A
Number
of Cells
in
Culture
Cell B
Days
72. Refer to the diagram above which shows two different types of cells. Which of the cells depicted in the diagram are more likely cancerous?
73. If cancer is present, what is the likely explanation for what happened to the cancerous cell?
74. Prokaryotic cells divide by what method?
“The scientists describe a molecule that perturbs the normally bipolar mitotic spindle apparatus in such a way that cells arrest
midway through mitosis with a characteristically malformed spindle that looks a bit like an exploding star.
Moreover, the scientists, led by Tim Mitchison and Stuart Schrieber, pinpointed the protein through which this chemical exerts
its peculiar effect: it is a member of the kinesin family of motor proteins. That makes monastrol the first in a new class of
mitosis inhibitors. All others--ranging from colchicine, a medicine used since ancient Egyptian times, to modern cancer drugs
including taxol--affect microtubules, the long, thin protein tubes that are the main structural element of the mitotic spindle.”
-Peta Gillyatt, Gabrielle Strobel, 1999 Harvard Medical School
75. If a scientist treated onion root tips with monastrol, would they be able to see Anaphase when viewing cells under a microscope?
76. In the experiment given in the question above, what would be a good control in the experiment?
CELL TRANSPORT
77. Define osmosis, diffusion, passive transport, and active transport.
78. In hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions how will water move (ex- into the cell, out of the cell, or neither)
79. What limits cell size?
80. Explain in your own words how molecules to travel down their concentration gradient.
Oxygen (O2)
Outside the cell
Inside the cell
81. The diagram above shows a cell membrane with concentrations of different molecules inside or outside the cell. Which way will
Oxygen (O2) molecules move?
Outside the cell
Inside the cell
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
82. If CO2 moves to the outside of the cell, will energy (ATP) be used?