Download WHAP Teacher Copy Around the World in Not Quite Eighty Days

Around the World in Not Quite Eighty Days
WHAP/Napp
Objective: To identify and explain significant changes in Western
Europe as a result of the European Age of Exploration
Do Now: List three facts about the Age of Exploration
Cues:
Notes:
I. Before the Late Fifteenth Century
A. Exploration before late fifteenth century was largely limited to land travel
B. Ships were used on the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean trade routes for
centuries, but they were linked up to land routes
C. Eager to eliminate Muslim middlemen and discover more efficient trade
routes to Asia, the Portuguese and the Spanish, set out to sea
D. Advances in navigation, ship-building, and the development of gunpowder
weapons allowed for increased sea travel
E. These “floating empires of the wind” soon controlled major shipping routes
F. The increase in European trade encouraged by the Hanseatic League and
the Crusades spawned a search for new, efficient trade routes on the seas
II. Portugal
A. Led the way because: strategically situated near the coast of Africa, had
long-standing trade relations with Muslim nations, and led by a royal family
that supported exploration (Prince Henry the Navigator)
B. In 1488, Portugal financed a voyage by Bartholomew Dias who rounded the
tip of Africa (which became known as the Cape of Good Hope)
C. In 1497, Vasco da Gama rounded Cape of Good Hope, explored east
African kingdoms, and went all the way to India, established trade relations
III. Spain
A. Shortly thereafter, Spain, recently unified under Isabella and Ferdinand,
financed Columbus in1492  a voyage to the east by going west
B. Despite the fact that some scholars had accurately estimated the Earth’s
size, most people, including Columbus, thought it was smaller
C. Columbus thought that India and China located where Americas were
IV. Treaty of Tordesillas
A. By 1494, Portugal and Spain were already fighting over land
B. Treaty of Tordesillas established a line of demarcation on a longitudinal
(north-south) line that runs through the western Atlantic Ocean
C. Everything to the east = Portugal - To the west = Spain
V. More Competition
A. Soon, England, the Netherlands, and France launched their own expeditions
B. Cost and risk associated with these expeditions made it necessary for
explorers to rely on the backing of strong and wealthy states
C. Merchants wanted protection for trade routes, through allegiance to king
D. Colonialism and expansion of trade routes contributed to rise of nationalism
VI. Other Explorers
A. Amerigo Vespucci explored South Americarealized continent not part
of Asia; Americas named for him
Summaries:
Cues:
B. Ferdinand Magellan In 1519, his crew continued after he was killed in
Philippines and crew became first to circumnavigate the globe
C. Henry Hudson  In 1609, sailed for the Dutch looking for a northwest
passage to Asia; explored the Hudson River and made claims for the Dutch
VII. Technologies for Exploration
A. Sternpost rudder (invented in China during the Han Dynasty)
B. Lateen Sails (allowed ships to sail in any direction regardless of wind)
C. Astrolabe (portable navigation device by measuring the distance of the
sun and stars above the horizon helped determine latitude)
D. Magnetic Compass (borrowed from Chinese, through trade with Arabs… to
determine direction without staying in the sight of land)
E. By the late fifteenth century, these inventions had converged on one
continent (Europe) largely through trade
F. Europe: fiercely competitive about trade routes, newly wealthy, increasingly
organized under strong leaders, and imagination of Renaissance
VIII. Conflict in Europe
A. Dutch: successful in the competition with Iberian peninsula…had an
efficient merchant ship (the flyboat)…challenge Portuguese control in the
East Indies to establish Dutch interests in the New World
B. But Netherlands became entangled in a series of wars with France and
England, and lacked the manpower and resources to compete
C. England and France became supreme in commercial rivalry of the
eighteenth centuryhigh industrial production and in part because of the
fact that their governments were organized on a national scale
D. England and France began to fight for the mastery of the New World and to
maintain a balance of power on the European continent
E. 1679 – 1689 (King William’s War) and 1701- 1713 (The War of the Spanish
Succession or Queen Anne’s War)
F. Peace of Utrecht in 1713 partitioned the Spanish empire: Belgium, Naples,
Sicily, and Milan went to the Austrian Hapsburgs…Gibraltar to England
G. War of the Austrian Succession (King George’s War) in 1740-1748 and
Seven Years’ War in 1756-1763
H. Seven Years’ War began in America (Americans call it French and Indian
Wars) but soon spread to Europe  British won North America and India
I. Deciding factor in the colonies was the superior strength of the British navy
J. Treaty of Paris was signed in 1763
IX. Summary
A. Fifteenth century was a dynamic century, which saw many radical changes
B. Changes affected all classes of society, but none so profoundly as the
bourgeoisie (middle classes…capitalist classes)
C. A new class of merchants, ship-builders, tradesmen and others appeared living in and around Europe's old medieval towns in 15th century
D. China had extended its influence westward around India before the 15th
century but all subsequent discoveries were made by western explorers
E. Explorations of this time led to a worldwide expansion of European power
Summaries:
Questions:
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Describe travel and trade before the fifteenth century.
What factors encouraged European exploration?
Describe factors for Portugal’s lead in the Age of Exploration.
What were the causes and effects of the Treaty of Tordesillas?
Describe the technologies that promoted exploration.
How did the Age of Exploration increase conflict in fragmented Europe?
Discuss the causes and effects of the Seven Years War.
1. Which of the following established a
line of demarcation separating
Spanish and Portuguese claims in the
New World?
(A) Treaty of Versailles
(B) Edict of Nantes
(C) Treaty of Westphalia
(D) Treaty of Tordesillas
(E) Luther’s 95 Theses
2. Which European power won the
colony of Indonesia away from the
Portuguese in the seventeenth
century?
(A) England
(B) Spain
(C) France
(D) Holland
(E) Italy
3. Which colony was claimed by Spain
as a result of Ferdinand Magellan’s
circumnavigation of the globe in
1519-1521?
(A) Madagascar
(B) Hispaniola
(C) Mexico
(D) The Philippines
(E) Canary Islands
4. Which event outside the West
contributed to creating an opening
for the West to move to the core of a
global maritime trade network?
(A) Ming reversal of treasure ship
voyages in 1433
(B) Fall of the Byzantine Empire
after the Ottoman sacking of
Constantinople in 1453
(C) Mongol destruction of Abbasid
power in 1253
(D) Collapse of Mongol power in the
mid-fifteenth century
(E) All of the above
5. Which of the following can be
characterized as outside the world
network of trade in 1450?
(A) Ireland
(B) Scandinavia
(C) East Africa
(D) Mesoamerica
(E) The Philippines
6. Which is an example of a new disease
Europeans were exposed to as a
result of interaction with the peoples
of the New World?
(A) Measles
(B) Mumps
(C) Smallpox
(D) Acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS)
(E) Syphilis
Excerpt from metmuseum.org
Much of the European exploration of the Pacific was inspired by two obsessions, the
search for the fastest routes to the spice-rich islands of the Moluccas (modern-day Maluku
in Indonesia) as well as the theory that somewhere in the South Pacific lay a vast
undiscovered southern continent, possibly also rich in gold, spices, and other trade goods.
European exploration of the Pacific began with the Spanish and the Portuguese. By the
late 1500s, the Spanish had colonized the Philippines and had discovered several of the
Caroline Islands in Micronesia, as well as the Solomon Islands in Melanesia and the
Marquesas Islands in Polynesia. Spanish ships, known as the Manila Galleons, regularly
crossed from the Americas to the Philippines but seldom encountered any islands unless
blown off course. The Portuguese, sailing around the Cape of Good Hope to reach the
Moluccas, explored the eastern islands of modern-day Indonesia in the early 1500s and also
briefly encountered the island of New Guinea to the east. In 1600, however, the vast
majority of the Pacific still lay unexplored.
All this began to change in the seventeenth and especially the eighteenth centuries, as
explorers, merchants, and privateers from Holland, France, and England began to explore
and chart the unknown expanse of the Pacific. In the early 1600s, the Dutch seized control
of the Moluccas from the Portuguese. As early as 1605, a Dutch expedition was sent to
explore the north coast of Australia and several others followed. Blown off course on their
way to the Spice Islands, Dutch merchant vessels also encountered and began to chart the
west coast of Australia. The Dutch exploration of the Pacific culminated in the 1642–43
voyage of Abel Tasman, who sailed south of the Australian continent and encountered
Tasmania and New Zealand. He later visited islands in Tonga, Fiji, and the Bismarck
Archipelago. At the close of the century, British navigator William Dampier in 1699–1700
explored portions of Australia, Island Southeast Asia, and the Bismarck Archipelago.
Although other nations also participated, it was the British and the French who
dominated Pacific exploration in the eighteenth century. Beginning in the mid-1700s, the
rival nations began to send out scientific expeditions to explore and chart the islands of the
Pacific. French expeditions in this period include those of Louis-Antoine de Bougainville
(1766–69), Jean-François de la Pérouse (1785–88), Étienne Marchand (1790–92), and
Antoine-Raymond-Joseph de Bruni d’Entrecasteaux (1791–93). British explorers include
Samuel Wallis (1767–68) and Philip Carteret (1767–68). But by far the most wide-ranging
and accomplished of the eighteenth-century explorers was the Englishman James Cook,
who made three separate voyages to the Pacific in 1768–71, 1772–75, and 1776–80. During
his voyages, Cook not only encountered many Pacific cultures for the first time, but also
assembled the first large-scale collections of Pacific objects to be brought back to Europe.
Due to the efforts of these and many other explorers, by 1800 the myth of a vast southern
continent had been dispelled and virtually the entire Pacific basin had been charted and its
diverse cultures brought to the attention of the West.
Thesis Statement: Comparative: Chinese and European Views of Exploration
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