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Integrated Science
Final Exam Study Guide
Ch 1, 15, 16, and 17
1. What is integrated science?
All sciences combined
2. What are the steps of the scientific method in order and briefly describe each.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Observation
Hypothesis
Experiment
Conclusion
a. Theory
b. Law
3. What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative data and give an
example of each.
Quantitative: numerical
Qualitative: descriptive (written)
4. What are the independent and dependent variables? Be able to identify each in an
experiment.
I: controlled by experimenter
D: influenced by the independent variable
5. Know how to set up a line graph. What goes on the x and y axis, what a best fit
line is, etc.
X axis: independent variable
Y axis: dependent variable
6. What 2 elements make up about 75% of Earth’s solid surface?
Silicon and Oxygen
7. How does the distribution of elements support the theory that the Earth was once
molten?
Denser elements sank towards the core and less dense elements
floated toward the surface and are found in the crust
8. What are the 2 major classes of minerals and how much of each is there?
1. silicates: 92% of Earth’s crust
2. nonsilicates: 8% of Earth’s crust
9. What is the difference between minerals and rocks?
M: elements chemically combined
R: minerals physically combined
10. List and describe the 3 types of rocks.
1. Igneous: formed as magma cooled and solidified
2. Sedimentary: formed from particles or dissolved materials
from previously existing rocks
3. Metamorphic: formed from rocks that were subjected to
high temps and pressures that deformed and recrystalized the
rock without complete melting
11. What are seismic waves?
Vibrations produced by sudden movement of very large sections of
rock
12. List and briefly describe the 3 main types of seismic waves.
1. Longitudinal (compression or P waves): fastest and move
through surface rocks and solid and liquid materials below
the surface
2. Transverse (shear or S waves): 2nd fastest—don’t travel
through liquids and can’t transmit side to side movement
3. Up and Down (crest and trough or surface waves): slowest
and occur where S or P waves reach the surface—like a
wave of water that travels across the solid surface of the
Earth
13. What is the crust?
Thin layer of rock that covers entire surface of the Earth
14. What is the mantle?
Middle part of the Earth’s interior
15. What is the core and what are its 2 parts?
-center part of the Earth
1. liquid outer core
2. solid inner core
16. What is continental drift?
Theory of how continents move
17. What does the sea floor spreading hypothesis explain?
Explains how continents that were once one large land mass have
moved so far away from each other
18. What is plate tectonics?
Theory of how continents move
19. List and describe the difference between the 3 types of plate boundaries.
1. Divergent: move away from each other
2. Convergent: move towards each other
3. Transform: slide by each other
20. Where do you find new crust zone?
Divergent boundaries
21. What is a subduction zone?
Where 1 plate is forced under another at a convergent boundary
22. Explain the Principle of Uniformity. How is it different to the way geologists
before this principle came about think?
-same geologic processes that change rock today are the same as
those that acted in the past
-used to think catastrophes were responsible for large
formations
23. What is diastrophism?
All possible movements of Earth’s plates including drift toward or
away from other plates, and any process that deforms Earth’s
surface
24. How do many materials respond to increasing pressures?
1. No change
2. elastic change with recovery
3. plastic change without recovery
4. breaking
25. What is the difference between stress and strain?
-stress: force that tends to compress, pull apart, or deform rock
-strain: adjustment to stress
26. List and briefly describe the 3 types of stress.
1. compressive: caused by 2 plates moving together
2. tensional: caused when 1 part of a plate moves away and
another part doesn’t move
3. shear: produced when 2 plates slide past each other or by 1
plate sliding past another plate that is not moving
27. List and briefly describe the 3 types of strain.
1. Elastic: rock units recover original shape after stress is
released
2. Plastic: rock units molded or bent under stress and do not
return to original shape
3. Fracture: rock units crack or break
28. What are folds and what type of rock is usually the best example?
-bends in layered bedrock
-sedimentary
29. What are anticlines and synclines?
A: arch-shaped fold
S: trough-shaped fold
30. What are faults and how are they classified?
-a crack when there is relative movement between the rocks on
either side of a fracture
-based on how the footwall and hanging wall have moved relative
to each other
31. List and describe the 2 basic classes of faults we discussed in class.
1. Normal: hanging wall has moved downward relative to the
footwall
2. Reverse: hanging wall has moved upward relative to the
footwall
32. What is the difference between the focus and epicenter?
-F: actual place where seismic waves originate
-E: point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus
33. What is the magnitude of an earthquake?
-measure of the energy released during an earthquake
34. A Richter scale number indicates what 2 things about an earthquake?
1. severity of ground shaking vibrations
2. energy released by the earthquake
35. Each higher number on the Richter scale indicates how many more times ground
movement and energy released?
-10x more ground movement
-30x more energy released
36. What is a tsunami?
Very large ocean waves that can be generated by an earthquake,
landslide, or volcanic eruptions
37. What does magma consist of?
-mix of melted rock, minerals, and gases such as water vapor,
sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide
38. What is a volcano?
Hill or mountain formed by the extrusion of lava or rock fragments
from magma below
39. What is the difference between weathering and erosion?
W: the slow changes that result in the breaking up, crumbling, and
destruction of any kind of solid rock
E: process of physically removing weathered materials
40. What is mechanical weathering?
Physical breaking up of rocks without any changes in the chemical
composition
41. Briefly describe 2 examples of mechanical weathering.
1. Frost wedging
2. roots grow into cracks wedging them apart
42. What is chemical weathering?
Alteration of minerals by chemical reactions with water, gases in
the atmosphere, or solutions
43. List and briefly describe 3 examples of chemical weathering.
1. oxidation: chemical reaction between oxygen and minerals
in rock
2. carbonation: chemical reaction between carbonic acid and
minerals in rock
3. hydration: reaction between water and minerals
44. What is a glacier?
Mass of ice on land that moves under its own weight
45. What are the 3 different ways glaciers erode surfaces?
1. bulldozing: pushing rocks, soil, and sediment
2. plucking: pulls boulders apart when boulders get stuck to
glaciers
3. abrasion: rocks stuck in glacier scratch, polish, and grind
against surrounding rocks
46. What is the atmosphere?
Relatively thin shell of gases that surround the solid Earth
47. What are the 3 major gases found in the atmosphere and in what quantities are
they found?
1. N: 78%
2. O: 21%
3. Ar: 1%
48. What else is found in the atmosphere?
Water vapor, carbon dioxide, traces of inert gases, dust, smoke,
salt crystals, and aerosols
49. How are pressure and altitude related?
Pressure decreases as altitude increases
50. Explain how the Earth is warmed by the sun.
-rocks, soil, and water absorb incoming solar radiation and reemit
it as infrared radiation
-infrared absorbed by carbon dioxide and water vapor in
atmosphere causing an increase in kinetic energy causing an
increase in temp.
51. What is the greenhouse effect?
Process of heating the atmosphere by absorption of solar radiation
and reemission of infrared radiation
52. How are temperature and altitude related?
Temp decreases as altitude increases
53. In what layer of the atmosphere does most weather occur?
troposphere
54. Briefly describe the ionosphere. What 2 things are possible because of the
ionosphere?
Outermost layer where molecules merge with vacuum of space
1. reflecting radio waves around Earth
2. northern lights
55. Briefly describe the stratosphere. Why is this good for flying planes?
nd
-2 layer above the troposphere—temp increases with height
-less turbulent than troposphere
56. Briefly describe the troposphere.
Layer from surface to where temp stops decreasing with height
57. What happens to air as it heats?
Expands and becomes less dense
58. What are the 3 general motions of air?
1. upward movement of air over a region of greater heating
2. sinking of air over a cooler region
3. horizontal movement of air is wind
a. defined as direction from which it blows
59. What is wind?
Horizontal movement of air
60. Where do fluffy clouds form?
Over areas where air is moving upward
61. Where would you find clear skies between the clouds?
Over areas where air is moving downward
62. What causes a convection cell?
-warm air buoyed up by cool air
-causes upward, downward, and horizontal movement of air called
a convection cell
63. What causes high and low pressure areas?
High: downward movement of air causes “piling up” effect
Low: upward movement of air causes a “lifting” effect
64. What are the 3 reasons why land and water have different heating rates?
1. specific heat of water is greater than soil
2. water is transparent fluid that is easily mixed and spreads out
the heating effect
3. water is cooled by evaporation
65. What causes a sea breeze?
Warmer air over land and cooler air mass over water
-cooler air moves in as warm air rises
66. What drives the global circulation of the atmosphere?
Temperature imbalances
67. What causes the Intertropical Convergence Zone? Where is it found? What
ecosystems are found in this region?
-10 degrees N-10 degrees S of equator is heated, expands, and rises
-receives more direct sunlight at equator
-rising air cools resulting in heavy average precipitation
-tropical rainforests
68. What causes the high-pressure belt? Where is it found? What ecosystems are
found in this region?
The now dry rising air reaches upper parts of the troposphere,
spreads N and S sinking back towards Earth
-deserts
-30 degrees N and 30 degrees S
69. What is the jet stream?
Sinuous, meandering loops of winds that tend to extend all the way
around the Earth, moving generally W to E
70. In the jet stream in which direction do the warm and cool air masses move?
W: move toward poles
C: move toward equator
71. What are evaporation and condensation? If the air was perfectly dry and still
which would occur more?
E: ore molecules are leaving than are returning
C: more molecules are returning that are leaving
-more would evaporate than condense
72. What is absolute humidity?
Measure of the amount of humidity at a particular time
73. What is relative humidity?
Relationship between the actual absolute humidity and the
maximum absolute humidity at that temp.
74. How does kinetic energy affect the formation of water droplets?
-decrease in kinetic energy means its more likely for water
molecules to come together and form droplets
-increase in kinetic energy means its less likely for water
molecules to come together and form droplets
75. What type of air holds the most water vapor?
Warm air
76. How do you calculate the relative humidity?
Relative humidity = absolute humidity
x 100
Max absolute humidity at present temp
77. What is the dew point?
Temp at which condensation begins
78. Where do dew and frost seem to form?
1. open areas
2. on objects such as grass
3. in low-lying areas
79. What are condensation nuclei?
Tiny particles present in the air upon which water vapor condenses
80. When do fog and clouds form?
When air containing water vapor and condensation nuclei has been
cooled to the dew point
81. What is really happening when the sun “burns off” the fog?
sun warms the air increasing the air’s capacity to hold water vapor
-fog evaporates back into the air
82. What does it mean if the atmosphere is in a state of stability?
Lifted parcel of air is cooler than surrounding air
-will return to its original level
83. What does it mean if the atmosphere is in a state of instability?
Lifted parcel of air is warmer than surrounding air
-will continue to move upward
84. What types of clouds are associated with a stable atmosphere? An instable
atmosphere?
Stable: stratus
Unstable: cumulus
85. What is precipitation? Why aren’t dew and frost considered to be precipitation?
-water that returns to Earth’s surface
-form directly on the surface
86. What are the 2 processes that lead to the formation of precipitation?
1. coalescence of cloud droplets
2. growth of ice crystals
87. What are the 3 types of clouds, what type of precipitation is associated with each,
and what does each cloud name mean?
1. cumulus: brief showers and thunderstorms—piled up
2. stratus: longer periods of drizzle, rain, or snow—spread out
3. cirrus: no precipitation--curly
88. What is an air mass? From where does it acquire its characteristics?
Large more or less uniform body of air with nearly the same temp
and moisture conditions
-from the land or water over which it forms
89. List and describe the 4 types of air masses.
1.
2.
3.
4.
continental polar: cold and dry
maritime polar: cold and humid
continental tropical: warm and dry
maritime tropical: warm and humid
90. What is a front?
Boundary between air masses of different temps
-5-30 km wide
91. What is a cold front? The passage of a cold front is usually marked by what?
-formed when a cold air mass displaces a warm air mass
-rapid shift in wind direction and rapid increase in barometric
pressure
92. Why might thunderstorms develop along a cold front?
-if warm air is moist the dew point is quickly reached resulting in
towering cumulus clouds—can form thunderstorms
93. What is a warm front? What type of weather is associated with a warm front?
-forms when a warm air mass displaces a cooler air mass
-may produce cirrus clouds a day or more in advance
-followed by thicker stratus clouds
-usually result in broad band of drizzle, fog, or rain
94. What is a stationary front?
-a front that has stopped advancing
-cold air moves along the N side and stream of warm air moves
along the S side in opposite direction
-unstable situation that can result in a major atmospheric storm
*There will be a few graphs/charts/diagrams for you to answer questions about as well.