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Student Study Guide for the American Pageant Chapter 22 The Ordeal of Reconstruction, 1865–1877 CHAPTER SUMMARY With the Civil War over, the nation faced the difficult problems of rebuilding the South, assisting the freed slaves, reintegrating the Southern states into the Union, and deciding who would direct the Reconstruction process. The South was economically devastated and socially revolutionized by emancipation. As slaveowners reluctantly confronted the end of slave labor, blacks took their first steps in freedom. Black churches and freedmen’s schools helped the former slaves begin to shape their own destiny. The new President Andrew Johnson was politically inept and personally contentious. His attempt to implement a moderate plan of Reconstruction, along the lines originally suggested by Lincoln, fell victim to Southern whites’ severe treatment of blacks and his own political blunders. Republicans imposed harsh military Reconstruction on the South after their gains in the 1866 congressional elections. The Southern states reentered the Union with new radical governments, which rested partly on the newly enfranchised blacks, but also had support from some sectors of southern society. These regimes were sometimes corrupt but also implemented important reforms. The divisions between moderate and radical Republicans meant that Reconstruction’s aims were often limited and confused, despite the important Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Embittered whites hated the radical governments and mobilized reactionary terrorist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan to restore white supremacy. Congress impeached Johnson but failed narrowly to convict him. In the end, the poorly conceived Reconstruction policy failed disastrously. GLOSSARY - To build your social science vocabulary, familiarize yourself with the following terms: treason - The crime of betrayal of one's country, involving some overt act violating an oath of allegiance or providing illegal aid to a foreign state. In the United States, treason is the only crime specified in the Constitution. civil disabilities - Legally imposed restrictions of a person's civil rights or liberties. legalistically - In accord with the exact letter of the law, sometimes with the intention of thwarting its broad intent. mutual aid societies - Nonprofit organizations designed to provide their members with financial and social benefits. often including medical aid, life insurance, funeral costs, and disaster relief. confiscation (confiscated) - Legal government seizure of private property without compensation. pocket veto - The presidential act of blocking a Congressionally passed law not by direct veto but by simply refusing to sign it at the end of a session. (A president can pocket-veto a bill within ten days of a session's end or after.) lease - To enter into a contract by which one party gives another use of land, buildings, or other property for a fixed time and fee. chain gang - A group of prisoners chained together while engaged in forced labor. sharecrop - An agricultural system in which a tenant receives land, tools, and seed on credit an, pledges in return a share of the crop to the creditor. peonage - A system in which debtors are held in servitude, to labor for their creditors. scalawag - A white Southerner who supported Republican Reconstruction after the Civil War. carpetbagger - A Northern politician who came south to exploit the unsettled conditions after the Civil War; hence, any politician who relocates for political advantage. felony - A major crime for which severe penalties are exacted under the law. terror (terrorist) - Using violence or the threat of violence in order to create intense fear in the attempt to promote some political policy or objectives. president pro tempore - In the United States Senate, the officer who presides in the absence of the vice president. 1 What was the fate of the defeated Confederate leaders following the Civil War? (pg 479) ________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________. Describe the economy of the postwar South? (pg 480) ____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________. What was the prevailing attitude toward the war among many in the South? (pg 480) ____________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________. Describe the circumstances that many freed slaves found themselves in at the end of the Civil War: (pg 481) ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________. What are “Exodusters” and what happened on their way to Kansas? (pg 482) _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________. The greatest achievements of the Freedmen's Bureau were in (pg 484) ______________________________________. How was the Freedmen's Bureau viewed by the white south? (pg 484) _______________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________. In President Andrew Johnson's view, the Freedmen's Bureau was (pg 484) ____________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________. Why was Andrew Johnson named Lincoln's second-term vice president? (pg 485) _____________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________. Describe the controversy surrounding the Wade-Davis Bill and the readmission of the Confederate states to the Union? (pg 486) ________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________. Describe Lincoln’s 10 percent plan for Reconstruction? (pg 486) ___________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________. Explain President Johnson's plan for Reconstruction? (pg 486-87) __________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________. 2 What was the main purpose of the Black Codes? (pg 487) ___________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________. To many Northerners, the Black Codes seemed to indicate that (pg 487) A) it would take some time to reconcile the South and the North. B) the transition to black freedom would be difficult. C) the Civil War had been worth the sacrifice. D) residential Reconstruction was working. E) the arrogant South was acting as if the North had not really won the Civil War. For congressional Republicans, one of the most troubling aspects of the Southern states' quick restoration to the Union was that (pg 488) A) with the black population fully counted, the South would be stronger than ever in national politics. B) pro-Union southern politicians would be weak and inexperienced. C) the majority white South might be represented by black Congressmen. D) a high tariff might be reinstituted. E) slavery might be re-established. Describe the incident that caused a clash between Congress and President Johnson? (pg 489) _____________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________. What did the Fourteenth Amendment do? (pg 489) _______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________. The root cause of the battle between Congress and President Andrew Johnson was (pg 489-490) A) Johnson's personal vulgarity and crude style of campaigning. B) the president's former ownership of slaves. C) Johnson's “soft” treatment of the white South.. D) Johnson's “class-based” policies that favored poor whites. E) Johnson's underlying loyalty to the Democratic Party. Radical congressional Reconstruction of the South finally ended when (pg 492) A) the South accepted the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments. B) the last federal troops were removed in 1877. C) President Johnson was not reelected in 1868. D) the Supreme Court ruled in Ex parte Milligan that military tribunals could not try civilians. E) blacks showed they could defend their rights without federal intervention. Congealed – to become thick and solid Which of the following was not one of the Reconstruction era constitutional amendments? (pg 486,492) A) Twelfth B) Thirteenth C) Fourteenth D) Fifteenth E) All of the above were Reconstruction amendments. Why were many feminist leaders disappointed with the Fourteenth Amendment? (pg 492-493) __________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ What purpose did the Union League serve? (pg 494) ______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ During Reconstruction, African American women assumed new political roles which included all of the following except (pg 494) A) participating in black church life. B)monitoring state constitutional conventions. C) participating in political rallies. D) organizing mass meetings. E) voting. 3 Describe the accomplishments of Radical Reconstruction state governments? (pg 495) __________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________. Political corruption during Reconstruction was (pg 495) A) primarily the fault of white carpetbaggers and scalawags. B) located in the North. C) common in both North and South. D) present in all Southern states except South Carolina and Louisiana. E) almost entirely conducted by blacks. What was the primary motive for the formation of the Ku Klux Klan? (pg 495-96) _____________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________. Explain the successes achieved by the Ku Klux Klan to achieve its central goal (pg 496) ________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________. What was the official charge that the House of Representatives used to impeach President Johnson? (pg 496-97) ________________________________________________________________________________________________ All of the following were reasons the Senate voted to acquit President Andrew Johnson except (pg 497-498) A) opposition to abusing the Constitutional system of checks and balances. B) concern about the person who would become President. C) fears of creating a destabilizing period. D) Johnson promised to step down as President. E) Johnson's promise to stop obstructing Republican policies. What did Secretary of State Seward do that amounted to the Johnson administration's greatest success in foreign relations? (pg 498) __________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________. Explain what may have led to a more successful ending to Reconstruction? (pg 498-499) _________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________. 4