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CHAPTER 12-4 A NEW ARENA - Gains by the US in the Caribbean gave us a new interest in the area - American expansion into the Pacific brought closer contact with East Asian nations – China o European countries and Japan were already competing for trading rights in China The Election of 1900 - Democrat – William Jennings Bryan o Attempts to make imperialism the main issue - Republicans – William McKinley o T. Roosevelt – Governor of NY – vice presidential candidate o Republicans avoided the topic of imperialism Party members were divided on the issue - McKinley wins easily o Spoke 6 months after his inauguration McKinley makes a speech o Changed from isolationist to expansionist “Isolation is no longer possible or desirable…” “God and man have linked nations together…” “No nation can longer be indifferent to any other…” o McKinley says we need new markets for our goods Suggests tariff ‘reciprocity’ as a means of increasing trade with other nations - McKinley assassinated by an anarchist one day after making his speech – Sept 1 1901 o Assassin – Leon Czolgosz o McKinley lived until Sept 14 - Roosevelt becomes president The Big Stick - Roosevelt had a genius for the dramatic gesture o “Don’t flinch, don’t’ foul, hit the line hard” - Known for his impulsive actions – sometimes unwise - He firmly believed that power imposed responsibility - “Speak softly and carry a ‘big stick’” The Panama Canal - Big Stick most evident in the Caribbean - Believed that a canal was necessary o Save time for commercial shipping o Strategic need for shuttling warships between Pacific to Atlantic Demonstrated during the Spanish-American War Battleship Oregon ordered from Puget Sound to Cuba o 14,000 miles o 3 times as far as if we had a canal - French began the canal in the 1800s o Vain and costly effort - 1890s o American company also attempted a canal through Nicaragua but failed - 1901 o GB agreed that the US could build, control and fortify a canal – Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901 Must allow ships from all countries to use it and charge an equal toll - US offers Colombia $10 million and $250,000 yearly rent o Columbia controlled Panama o Columbian senate unanimously refused to ratify the treaty o Roosevelt furious Suggested that Panama might need a revolt Nov 3, 1903 a revolution breaks out Organized by Phillipe Bunau-Varilla US warships prevented Colombian troops from landing to crush the revolt US immediately recognizes Panama as a new country Negotiates a treaty with Panama through their new foreign minister Varilla to build the canal US purchases the assets of the French company US begins construction in 1904 - Roosevelt defends his big Stick diplomacy in Panama o Foreign policy based upon military strength o Advanced “the needs of collective civilization” o His actions were widely condemned in the US as unjustifiable aggression o Created distrust of the US in most of Latin America Engineering difficulties - Cutting through the Isthmus of Panama - Tremendous health problems o “damp, tropical jungle, intensely hot, swarming with mosquitoes… the home, even as Nature made it, of yellow fever, typhus, and dysentery.” - George W. Goethals o –colonel in Corps of Engineers o directed the canal construction o completed in 1914 - $400 million - Dr. William C. Gorgas o Cleaned up Havana – reduced the health threats Venezuela - Roosevelt like Cleveland defended Venezuela from possible European aggression o Strengthened the Monroe Doctrine - Venezuela owed $ to European countries o President-dictator Ciprano Castro refused to pay o Refused to submit to arbitration - Roosevelt said the Monroe Doctrine would NOT protect countries against punishment for misbehavior - Great Britain and Germany are Venezuela’s main ceditors o Consult with the US o Blockade Venezuelan ports Unpopular with US Perceived as a Monroe Doctrine violation Sink Venezuelan ships and bomb ports - Public anger forces Roosevelt to intervene - Asks for arbitration amongst the countries - All agree o GB responds immediately o Germany takes much longer Adds to Roosevelt’s distrust of rising German empire Roosevelt Corollary – justified military intervention in Latin America - 1903 - Argentine foreign minister Drago urges forcible collecting of debts from bankrupt countries be made a violation of international law - Roosevelt’s response o An addition to the Monroe Doctrine o Whenever an American republic was guilty of “chronic wrongdoing” the US might have to intervene itself Dominican Republic - Roosevelt Corollary first applied here - 1905 - US assumes responsibility of collecting Dominican customs - US marines collect customs o Divide them Some support Dominican government Some pay the nation’s debts to European countries - Taft continues this policy with a twist o Known as “dollar diplomacy” o US would intervene in countries where America had financial interests Sec of state Philander Knox promotes US business abroad “Every diplomat a salesman” “Substituting dollars for bullets” - Taft sometimes used both dollars and bullets - 1912 o Taft sends marines into Nicaragua to install a friendlier government to the US Nicaragua forced to accept a loan from New York bankers Led to increasing unpopularity of US intervention in Latin America THE BALANCE OF POWER IN EAST ASIA - Roosevelt realizes that US position in East Asia is weak - Philippines = “Achilles’ heel” of American defense o Vunerable to attack by Japan, China or Russia China and the Open Door - Late 1800s - China, like Africa, being partitioned (divided up) by stronger powers - 1898 & 1899 o Russia, Germany, France and GB force China to lease its ports – some for 99 years o Leasehold was known as a “sphere of influence” Area where European nation control economic development Opposed by US and GB Together they proposed an “Open door” policy in regards to trade with China US initially “cool” to the idea Changed its mind with acquisition of Philippines Sept 1899 o Sec of state Hay sends notes to countries with leaseholds in China asking them to open ports to all vessels of all nations on equal terms Boxer Rebellion - Secret society seeking to oust foreign control o The Boxers Called this because of the physical exercises they practiced - False story printed in American newspapers suggesting the westerners were negotiating a plan to dismantle a Chinese monument - Rebellion breaks out - Boxers were secretly funded by the Chinese government o Wanted to throw the “foreign devils” and Christian converts out They killed over 200 foreigners - - - Mostly missionaries and their families For 7 weeks they attacked foreign embassies in Beijing Hay tries to keep the foreign leaseholders from further portioning China o Hay tries to prevent a full-scale retaliation o Sends out his second “Open door” notes in July of 1900 US policy was to seek ways to “preserve Chinese territorial and administrative entity” US lacks military power to back up Hay’s words Equal trading opportunities in China and preservation of China’s territorial integrity lay in maintaining a “balance of power” among the nations with ambitions in East Asia Boxer Rebellion is crushed o US returns some of Chinese indemnity paid for US losses during the rebellion o Chinese grateful for the action uses the money to send Chinese students to US colleges o Promotes good will between the US and China Russo-Japanese War - Russia and Japan especially threatening - 1893 o Japan establishes a protectorate over independent Korea o Japan obtains Formosa and other islands off the coast of China o Japan needs resource riches of China Wants to obtain Manchuria Now owned by Russia - Russia had plans to move into Korea also - Clash of interests leads to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904 - Japan wins on land and sea - 1905 o Both countries ready to make peace o Japanese secretly ask Roosevelt to serve as a gobetween o Roosevelt consults with the czar Formally offers to help make peace Both nations accept Roosevelt’s proposals Send diplomats to peace conference August 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth - August 1905 - Portsmouth, New Hampshire - Roosevelt induces Japan to give up land claims for indemnities of money for payment of damages - Russia had to give up southern half of island of Sakhalin - Japan also takes over Russian interest in southern Manchuria - War altered the balance of power in East Asia - Japanese expansion overtakes that or Russia - Roosevelt fears another war - Roosevelt arranges a compromise in 1907 and 1908 - Known as a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” o Very complicated - Roosevelt calms the Japanese and shows them he is not afraid of them - Roosevelt does however recognize Japan as dominant in Korea and Manchuria o Trying to check Japanese expansion toward the Philippines - Roosevelt’s resolution was an example of his efforts to use arbitration rather than war to settle controversies - He believed that he had upgraded America’s military power and that the US had an obligation as a leader of an interdependent world to act responsibly. DID YOU KNOW? PAGE 388 FOOD OF THE TIMES PAGE 388 FACT OR FICTION PAGE 389 VISUALIZING HISTORY PAGE 389 SIDELIGHT: TECHNOLOGY PAGE 389 LINKING ACROSS TIME PAGE 390 VISUALIZING HISTORY PAGE 390 DID YOU KNOW? PAGE 390 SECTION 4 ASSESSMENT PAGE 391