Download CHAPTER 12-4

CHAPTER 12-4
A NEW ARENA
- Gains by the US in the Caribbean gave us a new interest in
the area
- American expansion into the Pacific brought closer
contact with East Asian nations – China
o European countries and Japan were already
competing for trading rights in China
The Election of 1900
- Democrat – William Jennings Bryan
o Attempts to make imperialism the main issue
- Republicans – William McKinley
o T. Roosevelt – Governor of NY – vice presidential
candidate
o Republicans avoided the topic of imperialism
 Party members were divided on the issue
- McKinley wins easily
o Spoke 6 months after his inauguration McKinley
makes a speech
o Changed from isolationist to expansionist
 “Isolation is no longer possible or desirable…”
 “God and man have linked nations together…”
 “No nation can longer be indifferent to any
other…”
o McKinley says we need new markets for our goods
 Suggests tariff ‘reciprocity’ as a means of
increasing trade with other nations
- McKinley assassinated by an anarchist one day after
making his speech – Sept 1 1901
o Assassin – Leon Czolgosz
o McKinley lived until Sept 14
- Roosevelt becomes president
The Big Stick
- Roosevelt had a genius for the dramatic gesture
o “Don’t flinch, don’t’ foul, hit the line hard”
- Known for his impulsive actions – sometimes unwise
- He firmly believed that power imposed responsibility
- “Speak softly and carry a ‘big stick’”
The Panama Canal
- Big Stick most evident in the Caribbean
- Believed that a canal was necessary
o Save time for commercial shipping
o Strategic need for shuttling warships between Pacific
to Atlantic
 Demonstrated during the Spanish-American
War
 Battleship Oregon ordered from Puget
Sound to Cuba
o 14,000 miles
o 3 times as far as if we had a canal
- French began the canal in the 1800s
o Vain and costly effort
- 1890s
o American company also attempted a canal through
Nicaragua but failed
- 1901
o GB agreed that the US could build, control and
fortify a canal – Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901
 Must allow ships from all countries to use it
and charge an equal toll
- US offers Colombia $10 million and $250,000 yearly rent
o Columbia controlled Panama
o Columbian senate unanimously refused to ratify the
treaty
o Roosevelt furious
 Suggested that Panama might need a revolt
 Nov 3, 1903 a revolution breaks out
 Organized by Phillipe Bunau-Varilla
 US warships prevented Colombian troops
from landing to crush the revolt
 US immediately recognizes Panama as a
new country
 Negotiates a treaty with Panama through
their new foreign minister Varilla to build
the canal
 US purchases the assets of the French
company
 US begins construction in 1904
- Roosevelt defends his big Stick diplomacy in Panama
o Foreign policy based upon military strength
o Advanced “the needs of collective civilization”
o His actions were widely condemned in the US as
unjustifiable aggression
o Created distrust of the US in most of Latin America
Engineering difficulties
- Cutting through the Isthmus of Panama
- Tremendous health problems
o “damp, tropical jungle, intensely hot, swarming with
mosquitoes… the home, even as Nature made it, of
yellow fever, typhus, and dysentery.”
- George W. Goethals
o –colonel in Corps of Engineers
o directed the canal construction
o completed in 1914 - $400 million
- Dr. William C. Gorgas
o Cleaned up Havana – reduced the health threats
Venezuela
- Roosevelt like Cleveland defended Venezuela from
possible European aggression
o Strengthened the Monroe Doctrine
- Venezuela owed $ to European countries
o President-dictator Ciprano Castro refused to pay
o Refused to submit to arbitration
- Roosevelt said the Monroe Doctrine would NOT protect
countries against punishment for misbehavior
- Great Britain and Germany are Venezuela’s main ceditors
o Consult with the US
o Blockade Venezuelan ports
 Unpopular with US
 Perceived as a Monroe Doctrine violation
 Sink Venezuelan ships and bomb ports
- Public anger forces Roosevelt to intervene
- Asks for arbitration amongst the countries
- All agree
o GB responds immediately
o Germany takes much longer
 Adds to Roosevelt’s distrust of rising German
empire
Roosevelt Corollary – justified military intervention in Latin
America
- 1903
- Argentine foreign minister Drago urges forcible collecting
of debts from bankrupt countries be made a violation of
international law
- Roosevelt’s response
o An addition to the Monroe Doctrine
o Whenever an American republic was guilty of
“chronic wrongdoing” the US might have to
intervene itself
Dominican Republic
- Roosevelt Corollary first applied here
- 1905
- US assumes responsibility of collecting Dominican
customs
- US marines collect customs
o Divide them
 Some support Dominican government
 Some pay the nation’s debts to European
countries
- Taft continues this policy with a twist
o Known as “dollar diplomacy”
o US would intervene in countries where America had
financial interests
 Sec of state Philander Knox promotes US
business abroad
 “Every diplomat a salesman”
 “Substituting dollars for bullets”
- Taft sometimes used both dollars and bullets
- 1912
o Taft sends marines into Nicaragua to install a
friendlier government to the US
 Nicaragua forced to accept a loan from New
York bankers
 Led to increasing unpopularity of US
intervention in Latin America
THE BALANCE OF POWER IN EAST ASIA
- Roosevelt realizes that US position in East Asia is weak
- Philippines = “Achilles’ heel” of American defense
o Vunerable to attack by Japan, China or Russia
China and the Open Door
- Late 1800s
- China, like Africa, being partitioned (divided up) by
stronger powers
- 1898 & 1899
o Russia, Germany, France and GB force China to
lease its ports – some for 99 years
o Leasehold was known as a “sphere of influence”
 Area where European nation control economic
development
 Opposed by US and GB
 Together they proposed an “Open door” policy
in regards to trade with China
 US initially “cool” to the idea
 Changed its mind with acquisition of
Philippines
 Sept 1899
o Sec of state Hay sends notes to
countries with leaseholds in China
asking them to open ports to all
vessels of all nations on equal terms
Boxer Rebellion
- Secret society seeking to oust foreign control
o The Boxers
 Called this because of the physical exercises
they practiced
- False story printed in American newspapers suggesting the
westerners were negotiating a plan to dismantle a Chinese
monument
- Rebellion breaks out
- Boxers were secretly funded by the Chinese government
o Wanted to throw the “foreign devils” and Christian
converts out
 They killed over 200 foreigners
-
-
-
 Mostly missionaries and their families
 For 7 weeks they attacked foreign embassies in
Beijing
Hay tries to keep the foreign leaseholders from further
portioning China
o Hay tries to prevent a full-scale retaliation
o Sends out his second “Open door” notes in July of
1900
 US policy was to seek ways to “preserve
Chinese territorial and administrative entity”
US lacks military power to back up Hay’s words
Equal trading opportunities in China and preservation of
China’s territorial integrity lay in maintaining a “balance
of power” among the nations with ambitions in East Asia
Boxer Rebellion is crushed
o US returns some of Chinese indemnity paid for US
losses during the rebellion
o Chinese grateful for the action uses the money to
send Chinese students to US colleges
o Promotes good will between the US and China
Russo-Japanese War
- Russia and Japan especially threatening
- 1893
o Japan establishes a protectorate over independent
Korea
o Japan obtains Formosa and other islands off the
coast of China
o Japan needs resource riches of China
 Wants to obtain Manchuria
 Now owned by Russia
- Russia had plans to move into Korea also
- Clash of interests leads to the Russo-Japanese War of
1904
- Japan wins on land and sea
- 1905
o Both countries ready to make peace
o Japanese secretly ask Roosevelt to serve as a gobetween
o Roosevelt consults with the czar
 Formally offers to help make peace
 Both nations accept Roosevelt’s proposals
 Send diplomats to peace conference
 August 1905
Treaty of Portsmouth
- August 1905
- Portsmouth, New Hampshire
- Roosevelt induces Japan to give up land claims for
indemnities of money for payment of damages
- Russia had to give up southern half of island of Sakhalin
- Japan also takes over Russian interest in southern
Manchuria
- War altered the balance of power in East Asia
- Japanese expansion overtakes that or Russia
- Roosevelt fears another war
- Roosevelt arranges a compromise in 1907 and 1908
- Known as a “Gentlemen’s Agreement”
o Very complicated
- Roosevelt calms the Japanese and shows them he is not
afraid of them
- Roosevelt does however recognize Japan as dominant in
Korea and Manchuria
o Trying to check Japanese expansion toward the
Philippines
- Roosevelt’s resolution was an example of his efforts to use
arbitration rather than war to settle controversies
- He believed that he had upgraded America’s military
power and that the US had an obligation as a leader of an
interdependent world to act responsibly.
DID YOU KNOW? PAGE 388
FOOD OF THE TIMES PAGE 388
FACT OR FICTION PAGE 389
VISUALIZING HISTORY PAGE 389
SIDELIGHT: TECHNOLOGY PAGE 389
LINKING ACROSS TIME PAGE 390
VISUALIZING HISTORY PAGE 390
DID YOU KNOW? PAGE 390
SECTION 4 ASSESSMENT PAGE 391