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Unit V Review
What are the characteristics of all muscle tissue?
What other tissue does muscle share characteristics with?
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? (Martini 4.12a)
What differentiates the muscle types (length, striations, nuclei, (in)voluntary)? (Martini 4.12b, 21.2a & b)
What do myofibrils consist of?
What muscle fiber structure is the reservoir for Ca+? (Martini 9.2c)
Which structure allows electrical potential to penetrate the whole muscle fiber? (Martini 9.2a)
What are the 3 types of myofilaments?
What are each of the myofilaments composed of? (Martini 9.3a)
What produces the striations?
What do the striations consist of? (Martini 9.3b)
Describe the structural components of a sarcomere. (Martini 9.2b)
What is a motor unit? (Martini 9.7a)
Describe the relationship between the number of fibers in a motor unit and the precision of body
movements. (Martini 9.7b)
What is a neuromuscular junction? (Martini 9.4a)
What is the motor end plate?
The neuromuscular toxins and the homework are examples of situations where different parts of
stimulation are blocked or inhibited. You should understand what would happen to the muscle
when various parts are blocked or inhibited. Examples from book: Martini 9.4b & c; 18.11c
Revisit resting membrane potential and action potentials.
What are the 4 phases of muscle activity?
Know what happens during each phase:
Ligand-gated channels produce ___ ?
What is the difference between a ligand-gated channel and a voltage-gated channel?
What is the final step to exciting a muscle?
Action potentials along the T-tubules triggers voltage channels to open in SR releasing ____?
What is the final step to preparing for contraction?
Myosin heads require the use of ___ to change conformation. (Martini 9.5a)
List the steps that occur once the contraction cycle has begun. (Martini 9.5b)
What happens during a recovery stroke? (Martini 9.5c)
What does the sliding filament theory refer to? (Martini 9.3c)
What 2 main things have to happen for a muscle to relax?
How is sarcomere length and tension related?
Define twitch.
What is the latent period? (Martini 9.6c)
What are the ways a muscle contraction can be made stronger? Explain. (Martini 9.6a)
What is the difference between isometric vs. isotonic and concentric vs. eccentric? (Martini 9.8a)
Can a skeletal muscle contract without shortening? Why or why not? (Martini 9.8b)
What are the 3 mechanisms of ATP synthesis during exercise/activity?
Why would a sprinter experience muscle fatigue before a marathon runner would? (Martini 9.11b)
What are the chemical causes of muscle fatigue?
Why do we need to repay our oxygen debt after exercising? (Martini 9.10a & b)
Which type of muscle fiber would you expect to predominate in the large leg muscles of someone who
excels at endurance activities? (Martini 9.11c)
Which muscle tissue type(s) is/are autorhythmic? (Martini 18.9a)
Which muscle tissue type(s) is/are resistant to fatigue?
Which neurotransmitters excite or inhibit each of the muscle tissues?
Which muscle tissue type(s) has(have) the greatest capacity for regeneration?
What is the difference between the 2 types of smooth muscle? Where are they found?
How does the contraction of smooth muscle differ from skeletal muscle?
What is peristalsis?
Give an example of the stress-relaxation response.
What are the functions of muscles?
Where is stability located in a human?
What happens if the center of gravity is shifted?
Know the order of the surrounding connective tissue for muscles. (Martini 9.1b)
Which fascia is composed of mainly adipose?
What is the difference between a direct and indirect attachment?
Define retinaculum (Martini 10.13a), tendon and aponeurosis (Martini 9.1a).
The end of a muscle that remains stationary during movement is called ____?
The end of a muscle that moves during movement is called ___?
Based on their fascicles, what are the 5 types of muscles?
What can be determined by the fascicles of a muscle?
Which types of muscles are stronger/produce more force? Weaker?
Why does a pennate muscle generate more tension than does a parallel muscle of the same size? (Martini
10.1c)
According to their actions, what are 4 types of muscles? (Martini 10.2a & b)
What roles do they play during a particle action?
Why do we have antagonistic pairs of muscles?
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic muscles?
Define a lever and describe the three classes of levers. (Martini 10.1a)
Define mechanical advantage.
What does a MA > 1.0 allow a lever to produce?
What does a MA < 1.0 allow a lever to produce?
What is the mechanical advantage for each type of lever?
Which type of lever is most common in the body? What MA does it have?
What is the range of motion of a joint?
What determines range of motion?
Muscles:
Martini 10.5c; 10.8a, b, c; 10.11a, b; 10.12b; 10.13b