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MANIFEST DESTINY TO RECONSTRUCTION
Manifest Destiny: Phrase commonly used in the 1840's and 1850's. It expressed
the inevitableness of continued expansion of the U.S. to the Pacific. It expressed the
belief that it was America’s fate to move west and take over the new lands.
Americans in Texas: Americans were offered land in Texas as long as they became
Mexican citizens, abided by their laws and all became Catholics. They refused to
abide by the closed borders, which caused disputes.
Stephen Austin: In 1822, Austin founded the first settlement of Americans in
Texas. In 1833 he was sent by the colonists to negotiate with the Mexican
government for Texan independence and was imprisoned in Mexico until 1835, when
he returned to Texas and became the commander of the settlers’ army in the Texas
Revolution.
Sam Houston: Former Governor of Tennessee and an adopted member of the
Cherokee Indian tribe, Houston settled in Texas after being sent there by Pres.
Jackson to negotiate with the local Indians. Appointed commander of the Texas army
in 1835, he led them to victory at San Jacinto, where they were outnumbered 2 to 1.
He was President of the Republic of Texas (1836-1838 & 1841-1845) and advocated
Texas joining the Union in 1845. He later served as U.S. Senator and Governor of
Texas, but was removed from the governorship in 1861 for refusing to ratify Texas
joining the Confederacy.
Revolt (Alamo): A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by
Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the
final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.
Annexation Denied: After gaining independence, Texas, under president Sam
Houston, sent delegates to America, hoping to negotiate annexation. Annexation had
been the goal of the revolution all along. Although some congressmen supported
annexation, for they were in favor of Manifest Destiny. Others, however, feared the
controversy that would result over slavery if Texas were admitted into the Union.
Northerners vetoed it because, since Texas falls under the 36’ 30° parallel, it would
become a slave territory.
Webster-Ashburton Treaty: In 1842 the Webster-Ashburton Treaty established
Maine's northern border with and the boundaries of the Great Lake states. It called
for join US/ British control and suppressed the slave trade.
Oregon Claims: There was a joint occupation of Oregon by Great Britain and
America. Neither Great Britain nor America had established roots in the land, which
was predominantly populated by fur traders. American interest began to grow in
Oregon in the 1820s and 1830s when missionaries began to focus in on the area
after it was believed that Christian missionaries from Great Britain were threatening
possible American Annexation and Manifest Destiny.
Election of 1844: The election of 1844 focused mainly on the issues of the
annexation of Texas, and the reoccupation of Oregon, both issues dealing with
Manifest Destiny. James K. Polk beat out Henry Clay and promised territorial
expansion, tariff reduction, and an independent treasury.
Dark Horse Candidate: James K. Polk was the dark horse candidate in the election
of 1844; no one expected anything from him, but in the end he came out victorious
in the election.
“Fifty-Four Forty or Fight”: An aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary
dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada and Oregon should be
drawn. This was also Polk's slogan - the Democrats wanted the U.S. border drawn at
the 54º40' latitude. Polk settled for the 49º latitude in 1846.
Annexation of Texas: After gaining independence, Texas, under president Sam
Houston, sent delegates to America, hoping to negotiate annexation. Annexation had
been the goal of the revolution all along. Although some congressmen supported
annexation, for they were in favor of Manifest Destiny. Others, however, feared the
controversy that would result over slavery if Texas were admitted into the Union.
Northerners vetoed it because, since Texas falls under the 36’ 30° parallel, it would
become a slave territory.
Oregon Treaty: The Oregon Treaty of 1846 established an U.S./Canadian (British)
border along this parallel. The boundary along the 49th parallel extended from the
Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean.
Causes of Mexican War: The causes of the Mexican war were the annexation of
Texas, diplomatic ineptness of U.S./Mexican relations in the 1840's and particularly
the provocation of U.S. troops on the Rio Grande.
Zachary Taylor: Commander of the Army of Occupation on the Texas border. On
President Polk’s orders, he took the Army into the disputed territory between the
Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers and built a fort on the north bank of the Rio Grande
River. When the Mexican Army tried to capture the fort, Taylor’s forces engaged in is
a series of engagements that led to the Mexican War. His victories in the war and
defeat of Santa Ana made him a national hero.
Texas Border Dispute: The Texas Border was not declared, and the 1819 treaty
with Spain defined the Oklahoma-Texas boundary and the southern boundaries of
Oregon and Idaho. The Rio Grande portion of the New Mexico–Texas boundary was a
heritage from the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: This treaty required Mexico to cede the American
Southwest, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada and California, to
the U.S. U.S. gave Mexico $15 million in exchange, so that it would not look like
conquest.
Mexican Cession:
Wilmot Proviso: When President Polk submitted his Appropriations Bill of 1846
requesting Congress' approval of the $2 million indemnity to be paid to Mexico under
the Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo, Pennsylvania Representative David Wilmot
attached a rider which would have barred slavery from the territory acquired. The
South hated the Wilmot Proviso and a new Appropriations Bill was introduced in 1847
without the Proviso. It provoked one of the first debates on slavery at the federal
level, and the principles of the Proviso became the core of the Free Soil, and later
the Republican, Party.
Ostend Manifesto: The recommendation that the U.S. offer Spain $20 million for
Cuba. It was not carried through in part because the North feared Cuba would
become another slave state.
Gadsden Purchase: After the Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgowas signed, the U.S.
realized that it had accidentally left portions of the southwestern stagecoach routes
to California as part of Mexico. James Gadsen, the U.S. Minister to Mexico, was
instructed by President Pierce to draw up a treaty that would provide for the
purchase of the territory through which the stage lines ran, along which the U.S.
hoped to also eventually build a southern continental railroad. This territory makes
up the southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico.
Oregon Trail: A trail that was created as a pathway to the West. Caravans headed
out on the long trek towards the west where they were going to set up western
settlements.
Western Frontier: Was portrayed as a harsh, rugged and challenging life in which
people had to deal with Indians, had to clear land, and lead very hands on lives with
extensive physical labor.
Elias Howe: Invented the sewing machine in 1846, which made sewing faster and
more efficient.
Samuel B. Morse: He was briefly involved in Nativism and anti-Catholic
movements, asserting that foreign immigration posed a threat to the free institutions
of the U.S., as immigrants took jobs from Americans and brought dangerous new
ideas and he wrote Imminent Dangers to the Free Institutions of the U.S. Through
Foreign Immigration, and the Present State of the Naturalization Laws.
Railroads/Land Grants:
Free Soil Movement: Those that were opposed to spread of slavery to the new
territories not to complete abolition.
“Conscience Whigs”: A Northern sect that split over the issue of slavery and latter
became Republicans.
Southern View of Territories: The South viewed the territories as new land for
farming, where slavery should be allowed and that property, as in the slaves, should
be allowed to go just like any other possession that the Southerners wanted to bring
with them.
“Fire-Eaters”: Fire-eaters were early pro-slavery extremists who had proposed
early souther Secession and hoped to create the Confederate States of America in
1840.
Compromise of 1850: Pulled up by Henry Clay, the compromise of 1850 called for
the admission of California as a free state, organizing Utah and New Mexico with out
restrictions on slavery, adjustment of the Texas/New Mexico border, abolition of
slave trade in District of Columbia, and tougher fugitive slave laws. Its passage was
hailed as a solution to the threat of national division.
Henry Clay: Known as the great compromiser, Henry Clay proposed the Missouri
Compromise in 1820 where Slavery would be illegal anywhere north of the 36 30
line. He proposed the Compromise tariff that called for gradual rate reduction and
kept South Caroline from its nullification ordinance, silencing the great debate over
that. He also brought up the compromise of 1850.
Popular Sovereignty: The doctrine that stated that the people of a territory had
the right to decide their own laws by voting. In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, popular
sovereignty would decide whether a territory allowed slavery.
Stephen A. Douglas: A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854
and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.
Fugitive Slave Act: Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for
the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the
1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed
at eliminating the underground railroad.
Underground Railroad: A secret, shifting network which aided slaves escaping to
the North and Canada, mainly after 1840.
“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”: Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote the abolitionist book, Uncle
Tom's Cabin. It helped to solidify the rift between the North and South. It has been
called the greatest American propaganda novel ever written, and helped to bring
about the Civil War.
“Impending Crisis of the South”: Hinton Helper of North Carolina wrote
“Impending Crisis of the South” where spoke for poor, non-slave-owing Whites in his
1857 book, which as a violent attack on slavery. It wasn't written with sympathy for
Blacks, who Helper despised, but with a belief that the economic system of the South
was bringing ruin on the small farmer.
George Fitzhugh: The most influential propagandist in the decade before the Civil
War. In his Sociology (1854), he said that the capitalism of the North was a failure.
In another writing he argued that slavery was justified when compared to the
cannibalistic approach of capitalism. Tried to justify slavery.
Kansas Nebraska Act: This act repealed the Missouri Compromise and established
a doctrine of congressional nonintervention in the territories. Popular sovereignty
(vote of the people) would determine whether Kansas and Nebraska would be slave
or free states.
Know Nothing Party: Members of the Know-Nothing Party dressed nativism and
temperance. They were all xenophobic-meaning that they had an extreme fear of
foreigners.
Republican Party: A coalition of the Free Soil Party, the Know-Nothing Party and
renegade Whigs merged in 1854 to form the Republican Party, a liberal, anti-slavery
party. The party's Presidential candidate, John C. Fremont, captured one-third of the
popular vote in the 1856 election.
Election of 1856: This election marked the introduction of the Republican Party,
with candidate John Fremont as well as had the Know-Nothing party, where the
members were opposed to foreigners as well as Catholics. However, the democrat
was successful because Buchanan swept the South, and the election.
New England Emigrant Aid Co.: New England Emigrant Aid Company sent rifles at
the instigation of fervid abolitionists in Kansas in order to secure it as a free state.
“Bleeding Kansas”: Also known as the Kansas Border War. Following the passage
of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, pro-slavery forces from Missouri, known as the Border
Ruffians, crossed the border into Kansas and terrorized and murdered antislavery
settlers. Antislavery sympathizers from Kansas carried out reprisal attacks, the most
notorious of which was John Brown's 1856 attack on the settlement at Pottawatomie
Creek. The war continued for four years before the antislavery forces won. The
violence it generated helped precipitate the Civil War.
John Brown: The violent militant that was responsible for John Brown’s Raid where,
in 1859, the abolitionist seized the U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He planned to end
slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves. He was captured and
executed.
“Border Ruffians”: People who were on the western boarder of Missouri who
sought to decide slavery by using violence. They owned slavery and wanted Kansas
to be free.
Lecompton Constitution: The pro-slavery constitution suggested for Kansas'
admission to the union. It was rejected.
Topeka Constitution: The Topeka Constitution was formed by anti-slavery
advocates in the Kansas territory to end slavery after pro-slavery won control of the
territory.
Caning of Sumner: Charles Sumner gave a two day speech on the Senate floor. He
denounced the South for crimes against Kansas and singled out Senator Andrew
Brooks of South Carolina for extra abuse. Brooks beat Sumner over the head with his
cane, severely crippling him. Sumner was the first Republican martyr.
Dred Scott Case: A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year
stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri
Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't
sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates: A series of seven debates. The two argued the
important issues of the day like popular sovereignty, the Lecompton Constitution and
the Dred Scott decision. Douglas won these debates, but Lincoln's position in these
debates helped him beat Douglas in the 1860 presidential election.
House Divided Speech: In his acceptance speech for his nomination to the Senate
in June, 1858, Lincoln paraphrased from the Bible: "A house divided against itself
cannot stand." He continued, "I do not believe this government can continue half
slave and half free, I do not expect the Union to be dissolved - I do not expect the
house to fall - but I do believe it will cease to be divided."
Freeport Doctrine: During the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Douglas said in his
Freeport Doctrine that Congress couldn't force a territory to become a slave state
against its will.
John Brown’s Raid: In 1859, the abolitionist, John Brown, seized the U.S. arsenal
at Harper's Ferry. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing
their slaves. He was captured and executed.
Election of 1860: The main issue in the election of 1860 was the issue of slavery in
the territories. Lincoln won against Douglas and Breckenridge in the Democratic
party and Bell in the Constitutional Union party. Lincoln did not want to abolish
slavery in the whole country, he only wished to keep it from spreading to the
colonies.
Democratic Party Split: The democratic party was completely split over the issue
of slavery. Some felt that there should be no congressional interference with slavery,
while others felt that slavery was a good thing. This disunity kept the democrats
from winning the election.
Abraham Lincoln’s Position: Lincoln was indeed anti-slavery, but he didn’t feel as
if he had the power to decide upon the issue of slavery for the entire country and
that he couldn’t ban it where it already existed, he just wanted to keep it from
expanding.
Election Results: Lincoln won the election much to the dismay of the Southerners,
he acquired just under 40% of the popular vote and a majority of the electoral
college.
Secession Begins: Once Lincoln was elected the south became very scared and the
Ordinance of Secession was adopted. Even though Lincoln did not pose a threat to
existing slavery the South became very defensive.
Crittenden Compromise: A desperate measure to prevent the Civil War, introduced
by John Crittenden, Senator from Kentucky, in December 1860. The bill offered a
Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30'
line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the
owners of fugitive slaves. Republicans, on the advice of Lincoln, defeated it.
Lincoln’s Inaugural: Seven states had already seceded and so in his speech Lincoln
stressed the need for the union to stick to together. He claimed that he would not
interfere with slavery that was already in practice, that secession was illegal and that
he needed to preserve the Union.
Ft. Sumter: Site of the opening engagement of the Civil War. On December 20,
1860, South Carolina had seceded from the Union, and had demanded that all
federal property in the state be surrendered to state authorities. Major Robert
Anderson concentrated his units at Fort Sumter, and, when Lincoln took office on
March 4, 1861, Sumter was one of only two forts in the South still under Union
control. Learning that Lincoln planned to send supplies to reinforce the fort, on April
11, 1861, Confederate General Beauregard demanded Anderson's surrender, which
was refused. On April 12, 1861, the Confederate Army began bombarding the fort,
which surrendered on April 14, 1861. Congress declared war on the Confederacy the
next day.
Use of Executive Power: Lincoln sent troops to stake a blockade against rebelling
southern ports. He also suspended the writ of Habeas Corpus. Lincoln felt that in
times of war certain rights had to be suspended so that the safety of each person in
the country, as well as the country itself (in attempting to keep the Union together),
could be protected.
Habeas Corpus: Lincoln suspended this writ, which states that a person cannot be
arrested without probable cause and must be informed of the charges against him
and be given an opportunity to challenge them. Throughout the war, thousands were
arrested for disloyal acts. Although the U.S. Supreme Court eventually held the
suspension edict to be unconstitutional, by the time the Court acted the Civil War
was nearly over.
Border States: States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and
Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.
Jefferson Davis: Davis was elected as President of the Confederation after they
attempted to succeed from the North.
Robert E. Lee: General Robert E. Lee along with General Thomas "Stonewall"
Jackson were the major leaders and generals for the Confederacy. Best military
leaders in the Civil War and were a huge advantage to the Southern side of the Civil
war.
George McClellan: McClellan was on of the leading war generals during the Civil
War on the side of the North. He later ran for President against Lincoln, but was
unsuccessful and Lincoln had him removed from his military post.
Wartime Advantages for North: Larger numbers of troops, superior navy, better
transportation, overwhelming financial and industrial reserves to create munitions
and supplies, which eventually outstripped the South's initial material advantage.
Advantages for South: Large land areas with long coasts, could afford to lose
battles, and could export cotton for money. They were fighting a defensive war and
only needed to keep the North out of their states to win. Also had the nation's best
military leaders, and most of the existing military equipment and supplies.
Confederate States of America: The government that was formed after the South
seceded from the North. The government was incredibly similar to that of the north
except that state sovereignty was included, slavery was allowed, and protective
tariffs were banned.
Union Strategy: The union’s strategy during the Civil War was to crate a naval
blockade, gain control of the Mississippi River, and a military campaign in Tennessee
against Richmond.
“Cotton Diplomacy”: The South used Cotton Diplomacy during the was to gain
support from the British and the French during the civil war because if the south did
not sell cotton to England and France, their economies would suffer dramatically.
Ending Slavery: Though ending slavery was not the main concern of the war, since
the North was more concerned with preserving the Union, freeing the slaves was a
large goal of the war.
Confiscation Acts: The confiscation acts happened during the Civil war and it
legally freed all of the slaves that were held by the confederacy.
Antietam: Robert E. Lee brought the troops to invade MD. Antietam was the
bloodiest battle of the Civil War, and was followed by the Emancipation Proclamation,
which freed slaves after the British and the French would no support slavery nor the
confederacy despite the negative effects the naval blockade had on their economies.
Gettysburg Address: In the Gettysburg Address Lincoln addressed the country,
stressing the importance of national unity just as the country was starting to fall
apart.
13th Amendment: The thirteenth amendment states that “Neither slavery nor
involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall
have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, r any place subject to
their jurisdiction.
Black Troops: Most black troops took the side of the Union. Many blacks joined up
in the arm, though they were mostly given menial jobs, some men were actual put
into battle.
Vicksburg/Gettysburg: The Vicksburg battle was overwhelmed by Grant and
surrendered after six months Gettysburg was a battle at which 90,000 soldiers under
Meade versus only the 76,000 under Lee, the battle lasted three days and the North won.
Both were very important battles for the North.
Effects of War on Civil Liberties: Lincoln believed that some civil rights had to be
compromised in order to secure the union and other democratic institutions.
Draft/Drafts Riots: The Conscription act, which called for the draft, called for all
white men between the ages of 18 and 35 to join the army for three years. Those
that were against the war acted pit, deserted, or started riots.
Homestead Act: Provided free land (160 acres of free land) in the West to anyone
willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.
Morrill Tariff Act: The Morrill Tariff act showed the changing morals of the country
as the tariff encouraged the establishment of universities.
Railway Act: The railway act started the transcontinental railroad constructing and c
chartering began.
Election of 1864: Lincoln ran against Democrat General McClellan. Lincoln won 212
electoral votes to 21, but the popular vote was much closer. A lot of the country felt
that they should keep their president in office so that he could complete any war
goals that he had.
Surrender at Appomattox: On April 9th, Robert E. Lee and his Northern troops had
to surrender after they had been trapped and their resources and men had been
depleted. This was a major victory for the South.
John Wilkes Booth: An actor, planned with others for six months to abduct Lincoln
at the start of the war, but they were foiled when Lincoln didn't arrive at the
scheduled place. April 14, 1865, he shot Lincoln at Ford's Theatre and cried, "Sic
Semper Tyrannis!" ("Thus always to tyrants!") When he jumped down onto the stage
his spur caught in the American flag draped over the balcony and he fell and broke
his leg. He escaped on a waiting horse and fled town. He was found several days
later in a barn. He refused to come out; the barn was set on fire. Booth was shot,
either by himself or a soldier.
Assassination of Lincoln: Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth in April 14th, 1865
at the Ford’s Theater where he cried “Thus always to tyrants” in Latin. Lincoln died
the next day and the country was in great mourning. His Vice President, Andrew
Johnson then took over.
Ex Parte Milligan: Supreme Court ruled that military trials of civilians were illegal
unless the civil courts are inoperative or the region is under Marshall law.
Lincoln’s 10% Plan: Former Confederate states would be readmitted to the Union
if 10% of their citizens took a loyalty oath and the state agreed to ratify the 13th
Amendment which outlawed slavery. Not put into effect because Lincoln was
assassinated.
Wade Davis Bill: 1864 - Bill declared that the Reconstruction of the South was a
legislative, not executive, matter. It was an attempt to weaken the power of the
president. Lincoln vetoed it. Wade-Davis Manifesto said Lincoln was acting like a
dictator by vetoing.
Freedman’s Bureau: Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to
freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs.
Johnson’s Reconstruction: Johnson offered pardons to those who pledged their
loyalty to the union as well as pardons to high ranking officials. States had to abolish
slavery before being readmitted to the country and they had to repeal the secession
ordinance.
Presidential Reconstruction: The presidential goals of reconstruction were to
quickly reunite the country, and have moderate programs. The presidential goals of
reconstruction were opposed by radical republicans.
Congressional Reconstruction: Congressional Reconstruction had a large
emphasis placed on civil rights as well as voting rights for freedmen.
Black Codes: Restrictions on the freedom of former slaves, passed by Southern
governments which were used to regulate and control the activities of slaves as well
as free blacks.
Election of 1866:
“Waving the Bloody Shirt”: “Waving the bloody shirt,” was an attempt to get a
post Civil war advantage; radical republicans were associated with loyalty and
democrats were associated with rebellion. Republicans gained from this, which
revived bitter feelings.
Radical Republicans: radical Republicans wanted stricter reconstruction of the
South and called for the Wade-Davis bill to allow legislative governments to have a
bigger role in the government.
Thaddeus Stevens: A radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the
South. Leader of the radical Republicans in Congress.
Charles Sumner: The same Senator who had been caned by Brooks in 1856,
Sumner returned to the Senate after the outbreak of the Civil War. He was the
formulator of the state suicide theory, and supporter of emancipation. He was an
outspoken radical Republican involved in the impeachment of Andrew Johnson.
Civil Rights Act of 1866: The civil rights act of 1866 called for blacks to be given
citizenship, and ruled that the federal government can interfere with state
governments if civil liberties are being threatened. It was vetoed twice by Johnson,
but then overrode by Congress.
14th Amendment: It fixed provision of the Civil Rights Bill: full citizenship to all
native-born or naturalized Americans, including former slaves and immigrants.
Radical Reconstruction:
Fifteenth Amendment: The fifteenth amendment gave blacks the right to vote. The
re-admission of each of the Southern states required that they all ratify the fifteenth
amendment.
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: Radical Republics were looking for any way to
get him out of office. Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act when he tried to
remove the Secretary of War Stanton. There was a three month trial in the senate,
but he was one vote short of the two-thirds majority that was needed to get him out
of office.
Tenure of office Act: Enacted by radical Congress, it forbade the president from
removing civil officers without consent of the Senate. It was meant to prevent
Johnson from removing radicals from office. Johnson broke this law when he fired a
radical Republican from his cabinet, and he was impeached for this "crime".
Civil Rights Act of 1875: The civil rights act of 1875 called for equal
accommodations in public places and black participation as jurors in court. This Act
was not enforced and in 1883 the Supreme Court ruled that discrimination against
private peoples was no illegal and members of the black reconstruction community
were not at all pleased.
Scalawags: A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to
buy up land from desperate Southerners.
Carpet Baggers: A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south
during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own
fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new
black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.
“Black Reconstruction”: Black Reconstruction was the corner of the reconstruction
era that focused on the advancement of civil liberties for blacks. They got a lot of
legislation passed, but it wasn’t always enforced.
KKK: White-supremacist group formed by six former Confederate officers after the
Civil War. Name is essentially Greek for "Circle of Friends". Group eventually turned
to terrorist attacks on blacks. The original Klan was disbanded in 1869, but was later
resurrected by white supremacists in 1915.
Force Acts: The Force Acts authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy
to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of
nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not
collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by
Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary.
South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.
Election of 1876: Rutherford B. Hayes - liberal Republican, Civil War general, he
received only 165 electoral votes. Samuel J. Tilden - Democrat, received 264,000
more popular votes that Hayes, and 184 of the 185 electoral votes needed to win. 20
electoral votes were disputed, and an electoral commission decided that Hayes was
the winner - fraud was suspected.
Rutherford B. Hayes:
Compromise of 1877: Hayes promised to show concern for Southern interests and
end Reconstruction in exchange for the Democrats accepting the fraudulent election
results. He took Union troops out of the South.
Redeemers: The redeemers, or the bourbons, was a conservative oligarchy in the
South, filled with merchants, financers, and industrialists that were all incredibly
corrupt.
Accomplishments of Reconstruction: Reconstruction successfully accomplished
many of the things that it accomplished. It created equal protection under the law to
blacks, as well as due process. It called for the fourteenth and fifteenth
amendments, which banned slavery and allowed blacks the right to vote, so certain
civil liberties increased.
Failures of Reconstruction: Though the Reconstruction Era had many successes,
there were many failures. With the rise of industry and the growing greed of the
country, corrupt business leaders and politicians became more and more popular.
The issue of race was still prominent and the new system of government was now
weak and unorganized and tensions were growing.
Sharecropping: Sharecropping provided the necessities for Black farmers.
Storekeepers granted credit until the farm was harvested. To protect the creditor,
the storekeeper took a mortgage, or lien, on the tenant's share of the crop. The
system was abused and uneducated blacks were taken advantage of. The results, for
Blacks, was not unlike slavery.
William “Boss” Tweed: Boss Tweed is often referred to when any corruption in big
business is talked about. He was the Boss of Tammany Hall in New York in the 1860s
and 1870’s and was arrested for his corruption in 1972.
Thomas Nast: Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented
"Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties.
He nearly brought down Boss Tweed.
Panic of 1873: Unrestrained speculation on the railroads let to disaster - inflation
and strikes by railroad workers. 18,000 businesses failed and 3 million people were
out of work. Federal troops were called in to end the strike.