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Section 22.1 Early Astronomy
1. Complete the table below.
Location of Earth
Location of Sun
Supporters of the
Model
Geocentric Model
Heliocentric
Model
2. The study of the properties of objects in space and the laws under which the
universe operates is called. _____________________________________
3. The idea that the moon, sun, and known planets orbit Earth is called the
______________________________ model of the universe.
4. Describe the heliocentric model of the universe. __________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5. Circle the letter of the statement that is true.
a. The geocentric theory is correct.
b. The geocentric theory is flawed and was immediately rejected.
c. The geocentric theory is flawed but was accepted for thousands of years.
d. The geocentric theory is accepted today.
6. The figure shows the apparent motion of Mars
as seen from Earth. What type of motion is
occurring? ________________________________
Match each description with its astronomer.
Description
Astronomer
_____ 7. developed a model of the solar system
with the sun at the center
a. Johannes Kepler
_____ 8. formulated and tested the law of
universal gravitation
b. Isaac Newton
_____ 9. discovered 3 laws of planetary motion
c. Galileo Galilei
_____ 10. made much more precise observations
than previous astronomer made
d. Nicolaus Copernicus
_____ 11. describe the behavior of moving objects
e. Tycho Brahe
12. Circle the letter of the word that describes the shape of the planet’s orbit
around the sun.
a. Circle
c. Ellipse
b. Retrograde
d. Focus
Section 22.2 The Earth-Moon-Sun System
13. Complete the table below.
Term
Description
Solar Eclipse
Lunar Eclipse
14. Circle the letter of the 2 main motions of Earth.
a. Rotation and precession
c. Rotation and revolution
b. Revolution and precession
d. Rotation and aphelion
15. True or False Day and night are caused by Earth’s revolution on its axis.
16. The point at which Earth is closest to the sun is called ____________________.
17. True or False Seasons are caused in part by the tilt of Earth’s axis of rotation.
18. What is precession? ____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
19. Circle the letter of the term that describes the point at which the moon is
farthest from Earth.
a. Apogee
c. Perigee
b. Aphelion
d. Perihelion
20. Identify each labeled phase on the figure.
a. _________________________
b. _________________________
A
B
H
C
G
D
F
c. _________________________
Rays
of
the
Sun
E
d. _________________________
e. _________________________
f. _________________________
g. _________________________
h. _________________________
21. Lunar phases are caused by motions of the _____________________________
and the sunlight that is reflected from its surface.
22. A(n) __________________________ eclipse occurs when the moon passes
between Earth and the sun and casts a shadow on Earth.
23. True or False A lunar eclipse occurs when the moon passes into Earth’s
shadow.
Section 23.1 The Solar System
24. Describe the steps of the Nebular Hypothesis in the boxes below.
Cloud of
dust and
gas began
rotating.
25. True or False The farther a planet is from the sun, the shorter its period of
revolution.
26. List the main differences between the terrestrial and Jovian planets.
a. ___________________________
c. ___________________________
b. ___________________________
d. ___________________________
27. Indicate whether each of the following planets is a terrestrial planet, a
Jovian Planet, or neither.
a. Saturn ____________________
f. Mars _____________________
b. Venus ____________________
g. Neptune _________________
c. Pluto _____________________
h. Jupiter ___________________
d. Mercury __________________
i. Sedna ___________________
e. Uranus ___________________
j. Earth _____________________
28. The ___________________________ planets are relatively small and rocky.
29. True or False The Jovian planets are huge, rocky giants.
30. A(n) _______________________________ is a cloud of dust and gas in space.
31. The Jovian planets contain large quantities of ices because it was
_____________________ enough in the outer solar system for ices to form.
Section 23.4 Minor Members of the Solar System
32. Define each of the terms found in the table below.
Minor Member
Definition
Asteroid
Comet
Meteoroid
Meteor
Meteorite
33. Where are most asteroids found? _______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
34. Circle the letter of the term for the glowing head of a comet formed when
frozen gases vaporize.
a. Nucleus
b. Coma
c. Gas tail
d. Dust tail
35. When do comets develop tails? ________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
36. List the 2 regions of the solar system in which comets originate.
a. ___________________________
b. ___________________________
Section 25.1 Properties of Stars
37. List the 3 properties of stars.
a. _____________
b. _____________
c. _____________
38. What are binary stars? __________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Match each definition to its term.
Definition
Term
_____ 39. a star’s brightness as it appears from Earth a. absolute magnitude
_____ 40. how bright a star actually is
b. apparent magnitude
41. The star Arcturus has a much greater absolute magnitude than the sun but
a much lower apparent magnitude. Why is this? ________________________
________________________________________________________________________
42. Circle the letter of what a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram shows.
a. The location of stars in the sky
b. The absolute magnitude and temperature of stars
c. The apparent magnitude and temperature of stars
d. The absolute magnitude and mass of stars
43. Select the appropriate letter in the figure that identifies each of the
following features.
_____ the sun
D
_____ cool, small, red stars
C
_____ white dwarfs
_____ red giants
_____ hot, large, blue stars
E
B
A
Section 25.2 Stellar Evolution
44. Give the life stages of stars by filling in the boxes on the diagram below.
The first stage
of a star
45. True or False All stars eventually run out of fuel and collapse due to gravity.
Match each description with its star
Death Description
Star
_____ 46. forms a read giant, which then collapses into
a red dwarf and forms a planetary nebula
a. low-mass star
_____ 47. blows up in a supernova explosion
b. medium-mass star
_____ 48. does not form a red giant; collapses directly
into a white dwarf
c. massive star
Match each description with its stellar remnant
Description
Stellar Remnant
_____ 49. remnant of a supernova event; similar to a
large atomic nucleus
a. black hole
_____ 50. small dense object formed from the remnants
of a star at least 3 times as massive as the sun
b. white dwarf
_____ 51. remnant of a low-mass or medium-mass star
c. neutron star
Section 25.3 The Universe
52. A(n) _____________________________ is a large group of stars, dust, and gases
held together by gravity.
53. Circle the letter of the type of galaxy that the Milky Way is.
a. Spiral galaxy
c. Elliptical galaxy
b. Irregular galaxy
d. Cluster galaxy
Match each description with its galaxies.
Description
Galaxy
_____ 54. ranges in shape from round to oval; most are small
a. spiral
_____ 55. composed mostly of young stars
b. elliptical
_____ 56. usually disk-shaped with many variations
c. irregular
57. True or False The Doppler effect can tell us whether a galaxy is moving
toward or away from us.
58. Most galaxies have Doppler shifts toward the _____________ end of the
spectrum.
59. What is Hubble’s law? __________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
60. The red shifts of distant galaxies show that the universe is
___________________________________.
61. True or False All distant galaxies are moving away from ours because our
galaxy is at the center of the universe.
62. The __________________________________ theory states that the universe
began when a dense, hot, supermassive ball violently exploded.
63. Circle the letter of each item that is evidence for the big bang theory.
a. Red shift of galaxies
b. Supernova explosions
c. Cosmic background radiation
d. Galactic clusters
64. What are 2 possible ways that universe might end? Explain each.
a. ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
b. ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________