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BIOCHEMISTRY Read chapters 4 and 5 in Campbell. Key Terms: hydrocarbon isomer functional group monosaccharide amino group disaccharide condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis) hydrolysis polysaccharide starch glycogen cellulose polymer fatty acid saturated fat unsaturated fat phospholipid amino acid peptide bond polypeptide disulfide bond primary structure alpha helix secondary structure fibrous proteins keratins pleated sheet tertiary structure quaternary structure denatured proteins nucleic acids DNA adenine guanine cytosine thymine RNA free energy (_G) First Law of Thermodynamics Second Law of Thermodynamics exergonic endergonic Answer the following questions: 1. Name and diagram the functional groups listed in Table 4.1.(pg 64). Indicate whether each group is charged, polar, or nonpolar, and whether it is hydrophilic or hydrophobic. 2. Describe the structure of a typical monosaccharide such as glucose. Write out a condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis) between the two given glucose molecules, and explain what is meant by hydrolysis. 3. Draw a diagram which shows the similarities and the differences between alpha and beta linkages in carbohydrate molecules. Explain why the glucose molecules in starch can be used directly for food by animals whereas those in cellulose cannot. 4. Draw a lipid molecule (triglyceride). Point out the carboxyl, or acid, group and the hydrocarbon chains. Explain the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid. For butter and corn oil, indicate whether each is considered a saturated or an unsaturated fat. Using a diagram, explain how three fatty acids can react with glycerol to make a fat. 5. Draw a phosopholipid molecule, point out the polar and nonpolar portions of a phospholipid molecule. Specify which end of the molecule would be soluble in water. 6. Draw an amino acid, point out the carbonyl, and the carboxyl group, the amino group, and the R groups that are attached to it. Be able to tell whether the R group is charged or polar, and therefore hydrophilic, or nonpolar and hydrophobic. 7. Diagram and describe a condensation (dehydration synthesis) reaction between two amino acids and circle the resulting peptide bond. Explain how a polypeptide chain is formed and how it is broken down by hydrolysis. 8. Discuss the various levels of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Specify the level(s) of structure shown by fibrous proteins, such as hair, and the levels shown by globular proteins. Explain why proteins are so sensitive to changes in temperature and pH. 9. Diagram a simple stretch of DNA (see pg 291). Point out an individual nucleotide and the five-carbon sugar, the phosphate group, and the nitrogen-containing base of which it is made; a base from a nucleotide on one chain bonded to a base on the opposite side; the sugar-phosphate uprights; and the hydrogen bonds between bases. 10. List 3 examples of each of the four main classes of biologically important organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids) and the building-block units of which they are composed.