Download Computer Networking

Computer Networking - Part 1
CS 1 - Worksheet
What is networking?
•Communication!
•An interconnection of computers and other devices including:
–Client computers
–Servers (computers)
–Network Devices
•Hubs and Switches
•Routers
•Firewall
•A computer network _____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________.
•Computer networks include: _____________________________________________
Ethernet LANs
LAN – Local Area Network
•LAN (____________________________) - A network connecting computers at a single site
•A LAN:
–Operates within a ____________________________
–Controlled by l____________________________
–Allows local users to:
•____________________________
•Access local file servers with ____________________________
•Access the Internet
Ethernet LANs
•The most common LAN technology is ____________________________.
•Ethernet allows computers, printers, and other devices, “____________________________”, to be able to
communicate.
•For devices to be able to communicate with each other over an Ethernet network, they must be configured
with:
–_________________________________________________________________________________
–What??? (We will discuss this shortly)
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Creating an Ethernet Network
•To start, your computer must have an ________________________________________________________.
•Ethernet NICs have an ____________________________ interface or port.
•________________________________________________________ are used to connect computers, printers
and other devices in the Ethernet LAN.
•____________________________, i.e. Cat-5 or Cat-6 cables (Category 5, Category 6) are used to connect
computers to the hubs and switches.
•Cat-5 cable connects computer ________________________________________________________.
Configuring IP (Internet Protocol)
IP Configuration
•To communicate with other computers ____________________________ you need to properly configure:
–____________________________ (of your computer)
–____________________________ (of your computer)
•To communicate with computers ____________________________ you need to properly configure:
–________________________________________________________ IP Address
•To be able to ____________________________, like www.cabrillo.edu, instead of IP addresses you need to
properly configure:
–____________________________ (Domain Name System) Server IP Address
IP Configuration: IP Address & Mask
•To communicate with other computers on your network you need to properly configure:
–IP Address (of your computer)
–Subnet Mask (of your computer)
•IP – Internet Protocol
•IP Address is the unique address of your computer on your network.
•Subnet Mask is used by your computer to figure out what network it belongs to.
•Analogy:
–Name: RICKGRAZIANI
–Mask: FFFFLLLLLLLL
–The Mask tells us which part of RICKGRAZIANI is the first name (F) and which part is the last name
(L).
IP Configuration: Default Gateway
•To communicate with computers outside your network you need to properly configure:
–Default Gateway IP Address
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Default Gateway or Router: This is the device that
________________________________________________________, including the Internet.
•Any information that needs to be sent to IP Addresses outside your network is sent to the Default Gateway or
Router.
IP Configuration: DNS
•To be able to use domain names, like www.cabrillo.edu, instead of IP addresses you need to properly
configure:
–DNS (Domain Name System) Server IP Address
•You could use IP Addresses when accessing other computers, but we would rather use names (domain
names).
•Computer networks ________________________________________________________ such as:
–66.94.230.47
•Computer networks ________________________________________________________ such as:
–www.yahoo.com
–A domain name is a name that is entered into a computer (e.g. as part of a website or other URL, or
an email address) and then looked up in the global [Domain Name System] which informs the computer
of the IP address(es) with that name. (Wikipedia.com)
•People are better with names than numbers, so we would rather use names when:
–Accessing a web page: www.yahoo.com
–Emailing a friend: [email protected]
•DNS (Domain Name System) servers (computers) are used to
________________________________________________________.
•The details of how DNS works.
•If your DNS server does not know the answer, it will find out for you.
Setting the IP Configuration Information
•IP information can be configured:
–____________________________
–____________________________
•Using a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) Server
IP Configuration: Static Configuration
•Static configuration is when the ________________________________________________________ the IP
Address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway and DNS Server information.
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IP Configuration: Dynamic Configuration
•Dynamic configuration is when the IP Address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway and DNS Server information
is obtained ____________________________from a
________________________________________________________ Server.
The Internet and TCP/IP
•The Internet was originally designed by ____________________________ (Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency) in response to the ________________________________________________________, the
first satellite.
•Out of this came the Internet, a way for computers to communicate from different parts of the world.
•These computers can be any type of computer using any type of operating system, as long as they are using
the ________________________________________________________.
What is TCP/IP? What is a protocol?
•A protocol is nothing more than an ________________________________________________________.
•The sender and receiver, and everyone in between, must agree on the rules, the protocol.
•Protocol: An agreed form of communications.
•TCP/IP is a suite of protocols.
•IP (Internet Protocol) is used for sender and receiver addressing.
•____________________________________________________________________________________.
Connecting Networks with Routers
•The Internet, or simply the Net, is the ________________________________________________________.
•Routers are network devices that connect two or more networks together.
•________________________________________________________.
•Routers only need to care about where they send the packet next.
•“What is the next-hop router I need to send this packet to?”
DSL or Cable Modem: No Router
•Routers can help protect your DSL or Cable Modem Network.
•The router is
____________________________________________________________________________________.
•The router is between you and the Internet.
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Networks: Bandwidth and Connections
•Local Area Networks
•DSL
•Cable Modem
•Leased Lines
•Modems
Bandwidth
•Bandwidth - The amount of information that can flow through a network connection in a given period of time.
•Usually measured in bits per second (bps)
–bps: bits per second
–Kbps: thousands of bits per second
–Mbps: millions of bits per second
LANs: ________________________________________________________ (or more)
Connection to ISP (Internet Service Provider)
Note: Bandwidth depends up provider, location, and service plan.
•DSL:
–Download: 600 Kbps to ____________________________ (or more)
–Upload: 256 Kbps (or more)
•Cable Modem:
–Download: 600 Kbps to ____________________________ (or more)
–Upload: 256 Kbps (or more)
•Telephone Modem:
–Up to ____________________________
•Leased Lines
–T1: ____________________________
–T3: ____________________________
Connection to ISP: DSL
•DSL (digital subscriber line) is a very high-speed connection that
____________________________________________________________________________________.
DSL: From HowStuffWorks.com
•Advantages of DSL:
–You can leave your Internet connection open and ____________________________.
–The speed is much ____________________________
–DSL ____________________________; it can use the phone line you already have.
–The company that offers DSL will usually provide the modem as part of the installation.
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•But there are disadvantages:
–A DSL connection ________________________________________________________.
–The connection is ________________________________________________________ over the
Internet.
–The service is not available everywhere.
Connection to ISP: Cable Modem
•A cable modem is a special type of modem that is designed to modulate a data signal over cable television
infrastructure.
•Cable Modem Advantages
–Fast data transfers, up to 30 Mbps if using a 100BaseT NIC
–Competitive pricing against competing technologies
–Easy to install - home prewired
•Cable Modem Disadvantages
–The available bandwidth depends on the number of users on the local cable TV line segment.
–There is an asymmetrical transfer rate. Upstream is slower than downstream.
–There can be a bottleneck at the communication server at the head end.
Connection to ISP: Telephone Modem
•A telephone modem is used to modulate and demodulate (translate) between the digital signals of the
computer and the analog signals over the telephone line.
•Maximum bandwidth is only 53 Kbps.
•Need separate phone line if you want to use the phone while connected to the Internet
Connection to ISP: Leased Lines
•Many companies and schools use leased lines to connect to their ISP.
•These are dedicated circuits between the provider and the customer.
•These include:
–T1: 1.5 Mbps
–T3: 44.736 Mbps
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IPv4
•
•
•
•
___________ or 4 bytes
•
4,200,000,000 possible addressable nodes
• _________________________________
Who assigns IP Network Addresses?
_______________________
(http://www.iana.net) is the
______________________________________________.
Regional Internet Registries (RIR)
•
•
The ______________________________________________are:
– AfriNIC (African Network Information Centre) - Africa Region http://www.afrinic.net
– APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Centre) - Asia/Pacific Region http://www.apnic.net
– ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers) - North America Region http://www.arin.net
– LACNIC (Regional Latin-American and Caribbean IP Address Registry) - Latin America and
some Caribbean Islands http://www.lacnic.net
– RIPE NCC (Reseaux IP Europeans) - Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia
http://www.ripe.net
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Private IPv4 Addresses
• In early 1990’s IANA and IETF recognized that the we were running out of IPv4 addresses.
• ______________________________________________
•
______________________________________________
–
_____________________________________________________________________
•
Private Addresses
– 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0 /8)
– 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0 /12)
– 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0 /16)
•
These addresses will not be routed in the Internet
– Need NAT (Network Address Translation)
•
•
January 31, 2011 – IANA allocates last IPv4 addresses
Monday, January 31, 2011 IANA allocated two blocks of IPv4 address space to APNIC, the RIR for the
Asia Pacific region (39/8 and 106/8)
•
_____________________________________________________________________
IPv6 Address Notation
 _____________________________________________________________________ represented in:
Eight 16-bit segments or “hextets” (not a formal term)
Hexadecimal (non-case sensitive) between 0000 and FFFF
Separated by colons
 How many addresses does 128 bits give us?
_____________________________________________________________________ or …
340 trillion trillion trillion addresses or …
“IPv6 could provide each and every square micrometer of the earth’s surface with 5,000 unique addresses.
Micrometer = 0.001 mm or 0.000039 inches” or….
“A string of soccer balls would wrap around our universe 200 billion times!”
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