Download unit 1: motion - Henry County Schools

HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE CURRICULUM MAP 2008-2009 PHYSICS UNITS
UNIT 1: MOTION
TIME: 7 WEEKS
STANDARDS: SP1 a,b,c,f, SP3 a,b,c, SP6 b,c, SCSh1 a,b,c, SCSh2 a,b,c, SCSh3 a,b,c,d,e,f,SCSh4 a,b,c, SCSh5 a,b,c,d,e, SCSh6 a,b,c,d,
SCSh7 b,c, SCSh8 a,b,c, SCSh9 a,c,d
1. Why is it important to use vector quantities and not just scalar quantities to describe the motion of an object?
ESSENTIAL
QUESTIONS
2. How does the resultant of two vectors change as the angle between the two changes?
3. How does the shape of graphs representing the relationship between displacement, velocity, or acceleration vs. time offer
information about the motion of an object?
4. How is the motion of an object affected by the acceleration of gravity?
5. How can velocity be negative? How can acceleration be negative?
6. Why is the initial acceleration of a sprint runner important in determining who will win the race?
7. How does the direction of the acceleration affect the direction of motion?
8. How is the distance a baseball travels before hitting the ground affected by the throwing conditions?
9. How does the description of motion of an object change depending of the reference frame used to describe it?
10. How can you prove that all objects fall at the same rate?
11. Why does a projectile make a parabolic path?
12. How do the characteristics (mass and velocity) of two objects affect the results of their collision?
1. Vector quantities have magnitude (how large the vector quantity is) and direction, while scalar quantities have magnitude
ENDURING
UNDERSTANDINGS only.
2. All motion must be compared to a frame of reference.
3. Many quantities in physics are rates of change of other quantities.
4. Vectors are specified by magnitude and direction while scalars are magnitude only.
HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE CURRICULUM MAP 2008-2009 PHYSICS UNITS
5. Velocity is a change of position.
6. Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes.
7. In the absence of air resistance, all bodies fall with the same acceleration.
8. In elastic collisions objects bounce off each other. In inelastic collisions objects ‘stick together’. The total energy before an
elastic collision is equal to the total energy after an elastic collision.
9. Simultaneous measurement of the momentum and position of a sub atomic particle is not possible.
10. As an object approaches the speed of light, the observation made by an observer at rest will be different (length appears to
contract and time appears to dilate) from the observation made by another observer moving with the object.
11. The slope of a distance vs. time graph is velocity.
12. The slope of a velocity vs. time graph is acceleration.
13. Projectile motion has vertical and horizontal components and is motion under the influence of gravity.
14. Momentum is a measure of motion that depends of the mass of the object and its velocity.
SKILLS
-add subtract vectors
-sketch vectors
-solve word/lab problems using the variables,
acceleration, velocity, displacement, and time in
both 1 and 2 dimensions
-analyze displacement/time, velocity/time, and
acceleration/time graphs
-analyze and calculate free fall in 1 and 2 dimensions
ASSESSMENTS
-unit tests
-weekly quizzes
-daily problem sets
-lab write ups
RESOURCES
-Glencoe Physics
-CPO lab guides
-Fourier Interface equipment
-computer simulations
UNIT 2: FORCES
TIME: 7 WEEKS
STANDARDS: SP1 a,e,g, SP3 c,e, SP2 a,b, SCSh1 a,b,c, SCSh2 a,b,c, SCSh3, SCSh4, SCSh5, SCSh6
1. Why do objects start or stop moving?
ESSENTIAL
QUESTIONS
2. How is it that we stay on the surface of the Earth instead of being crushed against it by the force of gravity or fly into space?
HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE CURRICULUM MAP 2008-2009 PHYSICS UNITS
3. Why is friction a good thing and bad thing for motion when motion occurs?
4. Why don’t structures like buildings and towers collapse?
5. Why does work require motion?
6. How does an object’s momentum affect a collision?
7. Why do you stay in your seat on a roller coaster when it goes upside down in an inverted loop?
ENDURING
UNDERSTANDINGS
8. How does torque affect motion?
1. Newton’s laws are the expression of the relationships of forces, mass and motion.
2. Acceleration has a direct relationship to force and an inverse relationship to mass.
3. Mass is a measure of the inertia of an object. An equivalent statement is mass is the amount of matter of which an object is
made.
4. Weight is defined as of the force of gravity on an object.
5. In order for work to be done on an object, movement must occur in the direction of a net force.
6. Friction can exist between objects that are not moving with respect to each other (static) as well as between objects that are
moving (kinetic) unless it is a frictionless environment.
7. Net force is the vector sum of the applied forces on an object.
8. Momentum is a vector quantity that is directly proportional to the product of the mass and the velocity of an object.
9. Centripetal force is a force that keeps an object traveling in a circular path.
10. Torque is an angular equivalent of force and is a vectorial quantity.
11. An object is in equilibrium when the sum of forces acting on it is zero.
12. An object is in static rotational equilibrium when the sum of torques acting on it is zero.
13. A gravitational force exists between any two masses. The magnitude of this force is directly proportional the product of the
HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE CURRICULUM MAP 2008-2009 PHYSICS UNITS
two masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the centers of the two masses.
14. Gravity is a force.
15. Light in space is affected by a gravitational field.
16. The velocity of an object in a circular trajectory is always changing. Therefore the object is accelerating.
17. The momentum of a particle changes if a force acts on it for some length of time. The product of this force times the time
that the force acts on the object is called the impulse
SKILLS
-draw free body diagrams
-solve problems using Newton’s 3 Laws
-calculate friction and normal
-calculate force between two objects
-measure and calculate centripetal force
-use work KE theorem to solve for velocity changes
-solve static equilibrium problems
-solve problems using conservation of momentum
ASSESSMENTS
-unit tests
-weekly quizzes
-daily problem sets
-lab write ups
-project
RESOURCES
-Glencoe Physics
-CPO lab guides
-Fourier Interface equipment
-computer simulations
UNIT 3: ENERGY
TIME: 6 WEEKS
STANDARDS: SP2 a,b, SP3 a,b,c,d,e, SP1 d,e, SCSh1 a,b,c, SCSh2 a,b,c, SCSh3 a-f, SCSh4 a,b,c, SCSh5 a-e, SCSh6 a-d, SCSh7 a-e,
SCSh8 a-f, SCSh9 a,c,d
1. Why are humans dependent on transformations of energy?
ESSENTIAL
QUESTIONS
2. Why and how is energy conserved?
3. Why does society spend a lot of resources on controlling thermal energy?
4. Why are we unable to do any nuclear experiments in physics this year?
5. What happens to the energy in two different objects when the two objects collide?
6. Why may a substance feel cold to the touch to one person but warm to another?
ENDURING
1. Energy exists in various forms and can be transformed from one form to another (Law of Conservation of Energy).
HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE CURRICULUM MAP 2008-2009 PHYSICS UNITS
UNDERSTANDINGS
2. The mechanical energy of a system is the sum of its kinetic and potential.
3. Kinetic and potential energy are descriptions of the forms that energy can have.
4. Work is the result of the displacement of an object under the action of a force.
2
5. There is a relationship between matter and energy in the equation E = mc .
6. Vast amounts of energy are produced in fission and fusion reactions.
7. Nuclear fission and fusion are the processes that create the array of elements in the universe.
8. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy for the molecules/atoms in a substance.
9. Heat flow is the energy transfer between objects due to a temperature difference between them.
10. The energy that a substance has due to its temperature is its internal energy.
11. Power is the amount of energy used by a system in a given unit time.
12. Electrons are outside the nucleus and the protons and neutrons are located inside the nucleus.
13. Radioactivity is the process of sequential steps by which unstable radioactive isotopes decay into stable isotopes.
SKILLS
ASSESSMENTS
RESOURCES
-identify and calculate different types of energy
-unit tests
-Glencoe Physics
-solve problems using conservation of energy
-weekly quizzes
-CPO lab guides
-calculate work-energy problems
-daily problem sets
-Fourier Interface equipment
-calculate power and efficiency
-lab write ups
-computer simulations
-state laws of thermodynamics
-project
UNIT 4: WAVES
TIME: 7 WEEKS
STANDARDS: SP4 a-e, SP3 a,b, SP5 a, SP6 a,b, SCSh1 a-c, SCSh2 a-c, SCSh3 a-f, SCSh4 a-c, SCSh5 a-e, SCSh6 a-d, SCSh7 a,b,c,d,e,
SCSh8 a-f
1. Electromagnetic waves are produced by changing the motion of charges or by changing magnetic fields.
ESSENTIAL
QUESTIONS
2. The energy of electromagnetic waves is transferred to matter in quantized quantities.
HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE CURRICULUM MAP 2008-2009 PHYSICS UNITS
3. The energy content of electromagnetic waves is directly proportional to the frequency of electromagnetic waves.
4. Light waves are transverse.
5. Light slows down, bends toward the normal and has a shorter wavelength when it enters a medium with a higher index of
refraction than the medium in which it was previously traveling.
6. Blue light has more energy (a shorter wavelength and higher frequency) than red light.
7. The energy of a wave falls off as the wave moves away from its source.
8. Diffraction takes place when the wavelength of a wave and the size of an obstacle or opening are comparable.
9. Sound waves are longitudinal, mechanical waves.
10. The amplitude of mechanical waves determines the energy of mechanical waves.
11. Interference occurs when two waves simultaneously arrive to a particular point in space. If the phase difference of the two
waves is 0º or a whole number of wavelengths, then the waves produce constructive interference. If the phase difference of the
two waves is 180º, then the two waves cancel each other. A phase difference between the two waves that is not 0 or 180º will
cause partially destructive interference.
12. At the interface of a medium, light can be reflected or refracted.
13. The Doppler Effect is caused by the relative motion between the wave source and the observer.
14. Transverse waves cause particles to vibrate back and forth, perpendicular to the wave direction.
15. Lenses and mirrors form images. Different combinations of lenses and mirrors may form real or virtual images.
16. A photon is a unit of light.
17. Large objects have very short wavelengths when moving and thus cannot be observed behaving as a wave (DeBroglie
Principle).
18. Increasing light intensity on a material increases the number of emitted electrons but not the kinetic energy of the
electrons. (the photoelectric effect).
ENDURING
UNDERSTANDINGS
HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE CURRICULUM MAP 2008-2009 PHYSICS UNITS
1. Why do we see different colors?
2. Why, when looking at objects through a glass, do they look like they are bent?
3. How does energy moves through space?
4. How do tsunami and earthquake waves transfer energy?
5. Why do you get sun burned even in a cloudy day?
6. Why does the pitch of a siren change depending if the source of the siren moves towards us or away from us?
7. Why are the colors in a rainbow (primary) always in the same order?
8. Why can mirrors form distorted images?
9. How do lenses work?
10. Why do we sometimes hear an echo?
11. Why do mirrors on the passenger side of the car say “Objects may be closer than they appear?”
SKILLS
-draw superposition of waves and explain
constructive/destructive interference
-calculate wave values using v=f
-solve problems using resonance of tubes and strings
-calculate frequency change due to the Doppler
Effect
-draw ray diagrams for mirrors and lenses
-solve reflection, refraction, diffraction problems
-explain polarization of light
ASSESSMENTS
-unit tests
-weekly quizzes
-daily problem sets
-lab write ups
-project
RESOURCES
-Glencoe Physics
-CPO lab guides
-Fourier Interface equipment
-computer simulations
UNIT 5: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
TIME: 9 WEEK
STANDARDS: SP5 a,b,c,d, SP3 g, SCSh1 a,b, SCSh2 a,b,c, SCSh3 a-f, SCSh4 a,b,c, SCSh5 a-e, SCSh6 a-d, SCSh7 b,e, SCSh8 a,b,e,
SCSh9 a,c,d
1. Why does the presence of a magnet near a computer screen affect the image formed on the screen?
ESSENTIAL
HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE CURRICULUM MAP 2008-2009 PHYSICS UNITS
QUESTIONS
2. How does the electric energy generated in a power plant reach your home?
3. What conditions make it advantageous to connect lights on a parallel configuration instead of a series configuration?
4. How is energy stored in a battery?
5. Why do electrical engineers working with circuits in computers need to worry about the length of the paths that the current
travels between different electric components?
6. Why do some materials make good magnets and others do not?
1. The electric force exerted by a charged particle on another is proportional to the product of their charges and inversely
ENDURING
UNDERSTANDINGS proportional to the square of the distance between them.
2. The higher the potential difference between two points in a circuit the greater the amount of current passing through it as
long as the resistance is kept constant.
3. Electric potential difference is the difference in electric potential between two different locations within an electric field.
4. In a parallel circuit, the voltage across the parallel elements is the same and the current passing through each one is
inversely proportional to the ratio of their resistances.
5. In a series circuit, the current passing through all the elements of the circuit is the same.
6. In a series circuit, the total resistance of the circuit is equal to the sum of the resistances of the individual elements of the
circuit.
7. The sum of voltage dropped on a closed loop of a circuit is zero.
8. Magnetic fields are created by electric currents and can be macroscopic like the current through a wire or microscopic like
the one created by the moving of electrons in their atomic orbits.
9. A magnetic field affects the trajectory of a charged particle moving through it.
10. A variable magnetic field will induce an electric current and a variable current will induce a magnetic field.
11. Transformers are used to change the voltage in a circuit by stepping it up or down.
HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE CURRICULUM MAP 2008-2009 PHYSICS UNITS
SKILLS
ASSESSMENTS
RESOURCES
-calculate Coulomb’s Law problems
-unit tests
-Glencoe Physics
-describe and calculate electric fields
-weekly quizzes
-CPO lab guides
-calculate electric PE of static charge
-daily problem sets
-Fourier Interface equipment
-draw and calculate parallel and series capacitors
-lab write ups
-computer simulations
-calculate and measure current, resistance, potential
difference, and power
-draw and calculate values for circuits with parallel
and series circuits
-describe and calculate magnetic fields and forces