Download SBI3U

SBI3U
KINGDOM PROTISTA
 Eukaryotes
 classification based on the fact that these organisms do not fit into the
other kingdoms
Three Major Groups based on Nutrition:
1. PROTOZOA (animal-like protists)
“First Animals”
 Heterotrophs
 may be scavengers, predators, parasitic
 Vary in shapes/sizes
 Most live as single cells (few form colonies)
 Most are mobile
 Classified into 4 main phyla based on method of locomotion
(see text p. 436  list the 4 phyla and read their characteristics)
2. ALGAE (plant-like protists)  autotrophs
 simple, aquatic, chlorophyll contain organisms  photosynthetic
 vary in size from single-celled to giant seaweeds (up to 60m in length)
 classified into 6 phyla based partly on what type of chlorophlasts and
pigments they contain
(see text p. 441  list the 6 phyla and read their characteristics)
3. SLIME MOULDS and WATER MOULDS
(fungi-like protists)  heterotrophs
 difficult to classify (have characteristics of fungi, protozoa, plants)
 classified into 3 main groups
(see text p. 447  list the 3 groups)
Seatwork/HW:
1. For each of the following diseases outline:
a) the organism that causes it
b) how it affects the body
 African sleeping sickness
 Amoebic dysentery
 Malaria
2. What is a saprotroph?
Seatwork/HW: ANSWERS
1. For each of the following diseases outline:
a) the organism that causes it
b) how it affects the body
 African sleeping sickness
a) Trypanosoma brucei (transmitted by tsetse flies)
b) Reproduce and spread to blood and spinal cord
 become dizzy  fall into coma  death
 Amoebic dysentery
a) Entamoeba hystolitica (transmitted by contaminated water)
b) Feeds on lining of gut  causes diarrhea
 Malaria
a) Plasmodium vivax (transmitted by mosquito)
b) Reproduce inside red blood cells and rupture RBCs when
spores are released  symptoms: chills, fever, and sweats
3. What is a saprotroph?
organism that breaks down and feeds on dead organic matter
SBI3U
KINGDOM FUNGI
 Eukaryote, Heterotrophic
Structure (for the majority):
 Network of fine filaments called hyphae
 loose branching network of hyphae called mycelium
See Fig 12.41 text p. 450  Differences in the structure of hyphae
How do Fungi Feed?
 Most saprophytic (breaks down dead matter)  uses extracellular digestion
 Some parasitic
(see Fig. 12.44 text p. 451)
 eg. athlete’s food, ringworm
 specialized to feed on living cells (hyphae called haustoria - “to drink” )
 Symbiotic fungi (mutual benefit)
 most trees have fungi living in close contact with roots (mycorrhiza)
o Fungi absorbs nutrients from soil and transfers to roots
o Fungi benefits by absorbing nutrients from plants
 some live with algae/cyanobacteria (lichens – often seen on tree trunks)
o Fungi provide algae/photosynthetic bacteria with H2O and CO2
o Algae/cyanobacteria provides nutrients for fungi
Reproduction
 Can reproduce asexually and sexually
1. Fragmentation
 Asexual
 pieces of hyphae break off and grow into new mycelia
2. Spore Formation
 Asexual
 produced by mitosis OR
 Sexual
 produced by meiosis
Spores: windblown reproductive cells for dispersal to new locations
 produced in large numbers
Note: sexual reproduction used during unfavorable conditions
Classification: 4 subgroups
Zygospore fungi – eg. bread moulds
Club fungi – eg. puffballs, mushrooms
Imperfect fungi – eg. Penicillium,
in Blue cheese
Sac fungi – eg. truffles, yeast
Seatwork/HW:
 Read text p. 453-458 
 Answer questions #2, 3, 4 and 6 on p. 458
SBI3U
PLANTS
 Multicellular eukaryotes
 Obtain food by photosynthesis
 Mainly terrestrial   adaptations required to prevent drying out, etc.
Two Major Groups:
1. VASCULAR
 composed of leaves, stems, and roots containing vascular tissue
(transport tissue)
2. NON-VASCULAR
 none or poorly developed roots, leaves, stems (eg. mosses)
Reproductive Strategies
Challenge for sexual reproduction
 Gametes must move from one organism to another without drying out !
Note:
non-seed plants, like mosses and ferns, depend on dew/rain for reproduction
Seed Plants
 Plants transport waterproof pollen grains by wind, insects, or other
animals
 After fertilization, zygote develops inside another protective waterproof
coat  Seed
Note: Seed = embryo, stored food, and seed coat
ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS
 Life cycle of plants consist of 2 generations alternating between a
haploid and diploid stage.
DIPLOID  Sporophyte
 Through meiosis sporophytes produce haploid spores which develop
without fertilization
 Haploid spores grow into a plant body called …
Gametophyte  HAPLOID
 Gametophytes produce male and female gametes which fuse to form a
sporophyte
 All plant cycles include sporophytes and gametophytes but one group
dominated in different plant groups
Non-Vascular plants  gametophyte dominates
Vascular plants  sporophyte dominates
NOTE:
Flowering plants
 gametophyte reduced to a small group of cells totally dependent on the
sporophyte
(See Fig. 13.5 text p. 468)
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Classification  based on presence of absence of vascular tissue and seeds
NON-VASCULAR PLANTS – mosses and their relatives
Three Division: Mosses, hornworts, and liverworts
 No vascular tissue
 dependent on diffusion and osmosis for transport
 Grow in mats of low tangled vegetation
 Hold water like a sponge
 No roots but rhizoids (small root-like structures)
 Life cycle dominated by the gametophyte (haploid) stage
SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS – ferns and their relatives
Four Divisions: Whisk ferns, club mosses, horsetails, and ferns
 Vascular tissue
 Sporophyte stage dominates
 Structure varies from whisk fern with no leaves or stem to rhizomes
(underground stems) to ferns with well developed leaves and thick
underground rhizomes
SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS
Two Groups: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Recall: SEEDS
 Allow sexual reproduction without water
 Provide protection against environmental conditions
 Can remain dormant for long periods of time
 Allow dispersal over wide areas
GYMNOSPERMS “naked seeds” – conifers and their relatives
(3 groups)
 Cone bearing plants
 Seeds exposed on the surface of cone scales
 Pollen from male cones carried by wind to female cones where
fertilization and seed development occurs
Conifers
 largest group of gymnosperms
 form large forests in cold regions of the world
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/139447_Gymnospermae.jpg
Explain each of the following adaptations to cold, dry habitats:
 Bark
 Flexible branches
 Pyramidal shape
 Needle like leaves
 Evergreen
ANGIOSPERMS – Flowering Plants
 Greater than ¾ of living plants
 Trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, vines,
water plants
Two Classes: Monocots and Dicots
http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/images/fig19.gif
 based on number of seed leaves or cotyledons
Reproduction – What is the flower? (see text p. 484)
Flowers  Sexual reproductive structures
 Pollination can be by wind (as in gymnosperms) but majority use other
organisms  insects, animals
 Nectar attract insects, bats, and birds  pollen transferred to them as
they visit various flowers
(Note: specific flowers attract specific organisms)
 After pollen has been deposited on a stigma, pollen grain grows a pollen
tube to reach the ovule
Q: Why do terrestrial plants make use of a pollen tube?
 method for male “gamete” to reach female “gamete”
Seed Development and Dispersal
 As seeds develop following fertilization
 ovary matures to form a fruit or seed pod
Q: What’s the function of the fruit?
 Dispersal of seeds  wind, animal ingestion or externally attached
SBI3U
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
 Multicellular eukaryotes
 Reproduce sexually
 Heterotrophic
Note: 33 phlya
 95% do not have bones
 most do not live on land
Classification  based on differences in structure, tissues, and organ systems
THINKING LAB: (see text p. 488)
 8 Major Phyla
1. SPONGES (Porifera)
 Aquatic
 Changed little in hundreds of millions of years
 Adults permanently attached to a solid surface
http://www.daviddarling.info/images/sponge.jpg
 Filter feeders
 Cells organized into a colony of individual cells vs. specialized
groups of cells forming tissues and organs.
Structure (see Fig 13.33 text p. 490)
 Body has a single opening  food enters, waste exits
 Body has double layer of cells  outside: flat epithelial cells
 inside: flagellated cells
2. CHORDATES (Chordata)
 Most are vertebrates with bony skeletons and backbones
All Chordates have:
 A dorsal nerve chord (nerves branch to all parts of the body)
 A notochord or rod of cartilage, which runs along the length of
the body
(most vertebrates  bone replaces cartilage during fetal
development)
 Gill slits in the pharynx or throat
(terrestrial vertebrates  appear only in the embryo)
NOTE:
Invertebrate chordates  notochord in embryonic development
VERTEBRATE CHORDATES:
Two Groups:
 Jawless Fish (Agnathans)
 eg. lampreys, hagfish
 scavengers, parasites
 Jawed Animals (Gnathostomata)
NOTE: evolution of jaw enables grasping, holding, crushing, and
breaking up of food.
See CHART on text p. 508  relationships among Chordates