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SBI3U KINGDOM PROTISTA Eukaryotes classification based on the fact that these organisms do not fit into the other kingdoms Three Major Groups based on Nutrition: 1. PROTOZOA (animal-like protists) “First Animals” Heterotrophs may be scavengers, predators, parasitic Vary in shapes/sizes Most live as single cells (few form colonies) Most are mobile Classified into 4 main phyla based on method of locomotion (see text p. 436 list the 4 phyla and read their characteristics) 2. ALGAE (plant-like protists) autotrophs simple, aquatic, chlorophyll contain organisms photosynthetic vary in size from single-celled to giant seaweeds (up to 60m in length) classified into 6 phyla based partly on what type of chlorophlasts and pigments they contain (see text p. 441 list the 6 phyla and read their characteristics) 3. SLIME MOULDS and WATER MOULDS (fungi-like protists) heterotrophs difficult to classify (have characteristics of fungi, protozoa, plants) classified into 3 main groups (see text p. 447 list the 3 groups) Seatwork/HW: 1. For each of the following diseases outline: a) the organism that causes it b) how it affects the body African sleeping sickness Amoebic dysentery Malaria 2. What is a saprotroph? Seatwork/HW: ANSWERS 1. For each of the following diseases outline: a) the organism that causes it b) how it affects the body African sleeping sickness a) Trypanosoma brucei (transmitted by tsetse flies) b) Reproduce and spread to blood and spinal cord become dizzy fall into coma death Amoebic dysentery a) Entamoeba hystolitica (transmitted by contaminated water) b) Feeds on lining of gut causes diarrhea Malaria a) Plasmodium vivax (transmitted by mosquito) b) Reproduce inside red blood cells and rupture RBCs when spores are released symptoms: chills, fever, and sweats 3. What is a saprotroph? organism that breaks down and feeds on dead organic matter SBI3U KINGDOM FUNGI Eukaryote, Heterotrophic Structure (for the majority): Network of fine filaments called hyphae loose branching network of hyphae called mycelium See Fig 12.41 text p. 450 Differences in the structure of hyphae How do Fungi Feed? Most saprophytic (breaks down dead matter) uses extracellular digestion Some parasitic (see Fig. 12.44 text p. 451) eg. athlete’s food, ringworm specialized to feed on living cells (hyphae called haustoria - “to drink” ) Symbiotic fungi (mutual benefit) most trees have fungi living in close contact with roots (mycorrhiza) o Fungi absorbs nutrients from soil and transfers to roots o Fungi benefits by absorbing nutrients from plants some live with algae/cyanobacteria (lichens – often seen on tree trunks) o Fungi provide algae/photosynthetic bacteria with H2O and CO2 o Algae/cyanobacteria provides nutrients for fungi Reproduction Can reproduce asexually and sexually 1. Fragmentation Asexual pieces of hyphae break off and grow into new mycelia 2. Spore Formation Asexual produced by mitosis OR Sexual produced by meiosis Spores: windblown reproductive cells for dispersal to new locations produced in large numbers Note: sexual reproduction used during unfavorable conditions Classification: 4 subgroups Zygospore fungi – eg. bread moulds Club fungi – eg. puffballs, mushrooms Imperfect fungi – eg. Penicillium, in Blue cheese Sac fungi – eg. truffles, yeast Seatwork/HW: Read text p. 453-458 Answer questions #2, 3, 4 and 6 on p. 458 SBI3U PLANTS Multicellular eukaryotes Obtain food by photosynthesis Mainly terrestrial adaptations required to prevent drying out, etc. Two Major Groups: 1. VASCULAR composed of leaves, stems, and roots containing vascular tissue (transport tissue) 2. NON-VASCULAR none or poorly developed roots, leaves, stems (eg. mosses) Reproductive Strategies Challenge for sexual reproduction Gametes must move from one organism to another without drying out ! Note: non-seed plants, like mosses and ferns, depend on dew/rain for reproduction Seed Plants Plants transport waterproof pollen grains by wind, insects, or other animals After fertilization, zygote develops inside another protective waterproof coat Seed Note: Seed = embryo, stored food, and seed coat ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS Life cycle of plants consist of 2 generations alternating between a haploid and diploid stage. DIPLOID Sporophyte Through meiosis sporophytes produce haploid spores which develop without fertilization Haploid spores grow into a plant body called … Gametophyte HAPLOID Gametophytes produce male and female gametes which fuse to form a sporophyte All plant cycles include sporophytes and gametophytes but one group dominated in different plant groups Non-Vascular plants gametophyte dominates Vascular plants sporophyte dominates NOTE: Flowering plants gametophyte reduced to a small group of cells totally dependent on the sporophyte (See Fig. 13.5 text p. 468) KINGDOM PLANTAE Classification based on presence of absence of vascular tissue and seeds NON-VASCULAR PLANTS – mosses and their relatives Three Division: Mosses, hornworts, and liverworts No vascular tissue dependent on diffusion and osmosis for transport Grow in mats of low tangled vegetation Hold water like a sponge No roots but rhizoids (small root-like structures) Life cycle dominated by the gametophyte (haploid) stage SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS – ferns and their relatives Four Divisions: Whisk ferns, club mosses, horsetails, and ferns Vascular tissue Sporophyte stage dominates Structure varies from whisk fern with no leaves or stem to rhizomes (underground stems) to ferns with well developed leaves and thick underground rhizomes SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS Two Groups: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Recall: SEEDS Allow sexual reproduction without water Provide protection against environmental conditions Can remain dormant for long periods of time Allow dispersal over wide areas GYMNOSPERMS “naked seeds” – conifers and their relatives (3 groups) Cone bearing plants Seeds exposed on the surface of cone scales Pollen from male cones carried by wind to female cones where fertilization and seed development occurs Conifers largest group of gymnosperms form large forests in cold regions of the world http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/139447_Gymnospermae.jpg Explain each of the following adaptations to cold, dry habitats: Bark Flexible branches Pyramidal shape Needle like leaves Evergreen ANGIOSPERMS – Flowering Plants Greater than ¾ of living plants Trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, vines, water plants Two Classes: Monocots and Dicots http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/images/fig19.gif based on number of seed leaves or cotyledons Reproduction – What is the flower? (see text p. 484) Flowers Sexual reproductive structures Pollination can be by wind (as in gymnosperms) but majority use other organisms insects, animals Nectar attract insects, bats, and birds pollen transferred to them as they visit various flowers (Note: specific flowers attract specific organisms) After pollen has been deposited on a stigma, pollen grain grows a pollen tube to reach the ovule Q: Why do terrestrial plants make use of a pollen tube? method for male “gamete” to reach female “gamete” Seed Development and Dispersal As seeds develop following fertilization ovary matures to form a fruit or seed pod Q: What’s the function of the fruit? Dispersal of seeds wind, animal ingestion or externally attached SBI3U KINGDOM ANIMALIA Multicellular eukaryotes Reproduce sexually Heterotrophic Note: 33 phlya 95% do not have bones most do not live on land Classification based on differences in structure, tissues, and organ systems THINKING LAB: (see text p. 488) 8 Major Phyla 1. SPONGES (Porifera) Aquatic Changed little in hundreds of millions of years Adults permanently attached to a solid surface http://www.daviddarling.info/images/sponge.jpg Filter feeders Cells organized into a colony of individual cells vs. specialized groups of cells forming tissues and organs. Structure (see Fig 13.33 text p. 490) Body has a single opening food enters, waste exits Body has double layer of cells outside: flat epithelial cells inside: flagellated cells 2. CHORDATES (Chordata) Most are vertebrates with bony skeletons and backbones All Chordates have: A dorsal nerve chord (nerves branch to all parts of the body) A notochord or rod of cartilage, which runs along the length of the body (most vertebrates bone replaces cartilage during fetal development) Gill slits in the pharynx or throat (terrestrial vertebrates appear only in the embryo) NOTE: Invertebrate chordates notochord in embryonic development VERTEBRATE CHORDATES: Two Groups: Jawless Fish (Agnathans) eg. lampreys, hagfish scavengers, parasites Jawed Animals (Gnathostomata) NOTE: evolution of jaw enables grasping, holding, crushing, and breaking up of food. See CHART on text p. 508 relationships among Chordates