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Animal Physiology – Assignment #1 – Introduction to Physiology
Go to:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZQMjZRv16E&list=PLFCE4D99C4124A27A&index
=54 and watch the video on Organ Systems.
1. Write three things you learned from the video.
Go to: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djtc7WUmT_c&list=PLFCE4D99C4124A27A
and watch the video on Cooperative Interactions.
2. Write three things you learned from the video.
Essential Knowledge 4.B.2: Cooperative interactions within organisms promote
efficiency in the use of energy and matter.
Interactions 1- Organism Organization - down and play the Animal section of the Prezi.
Answer the following questions.
1) Fill in the chart below on the four types of tissue that makes up all animals.
Tissue Type
Function
Where Found?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
2) Study the picture in the bottom-left corner of the animal section of the Prezi.
A) What gases are being exchanged in an animal? Be specific…what gas is
entering and what gas is exiting?
B) What organ system moves these gases into and out of the body?
C) Once the gas needed for cellular respiration enters the body, what system
moves the gas throughout the organism so it can be distributed to all cells?
D) What process moves gases from where they are in a high concentration (the
blood stream, for example) to where they are in a low concentration (a cell,
for example)?
E) Once cells produce waste products, what system removes the waste product
from the organism?
F) What organ system breaks down macromolecules into their simplest parts and
moves those nutrients into the bloodstream?
G) Where is interstitial fluid found in an organism?
3) What is the job or function of the nervous system with respect to homeostasis in
an animal?
4) Describe the relationship between the following pairs of organ systems:
A) Circulatory and Respiratory:
B) Excretory and Circulatory:
C) Circulatory and Digestive:
D) Endocrine and Nervous:
E) Endocrine and Circulatory:
F) Immune and Circulatory:
5) Explain one specific example of how an animal efficiently exchanges materials
with its environment.
6) Explain one specific example of how an animal’s environment places a constraint
on its physiology.
Animal Physiology – Assignment #2
Transport – Circulatory & Respiratory System
Essential Knowledge 4.A.4: Organisms exhibit complex properties due to
interactions between their constituent parts.
Essential Knowledge 2.D.2: Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both common ancestry
and divergence due to adaptation in different environments.
Essential Knowledge 4.B.2: Cooperative interactions within organisms promote
efficiency in the use of energy and matter.
Regulation 5 – Transport - Scroll down and play the Animal section of the Prezi –
Circulatory System. Answer the following questions.
Circulatory System:
1) Explain the difference between an open and closed circulatory system and give
an example of a living organism that has each type of system.
Open:
Closed:
2) Over time, the heart has evolved from a 2-chambered heart to a 3-chambered
heart and finally a 4-chambered heart. Use a red colored pencil to shade the high
O2 areas of circulation and a blue colored pencil to shade the high CO2 areas of
circulation in each heart diagram.
Now study the colored diagrams above and answer the following:
A) Why is the three-chambered heart more efficient than a two-chambered heart?
B) Why is the four-chambered heart the most efficient?
C) A mammal is an endotherm (warm-blooded) animal. How is a fourchambered heart a beneficial adaptation?
3) Complete the chart on the components of blood:
Blood Component
Plasma
Erythrocyte
Leukocyte
Platelets
Function(s)
4) Differentiate between the systemic and pulmonary circuit of blood flow.
On the heart diagram below, shade systemic blood flow red and the pulmonary
blood flow blue.
5) Blood always flows in one direction. What structures are located in the heart that
insure that blood moves in the same direction?
6) In the heart diagram above, use a black pen and trace the flow of blood through
the heart, starting with the right atrium.
7) Complete the chart below on blood vessels.
Type of Blood Vessel
Function
Artery
Vein
Capillary
8) The capillaries are the only exchange area in the circulatory system -- where the
respiratory gases, O2 and CO2, are exchanged. Study the diagram on blood
velocity, cross-sectional area, and blood pressure (in the Prezi) and: A) explain
why blood slows down as it enters the capillaries, and B) what role this plays in
gas exchange
A)
B)
9) Which blood vessels contain one-way valves to assist blood in flowing back to
the heart?
10) Complete the chart below on several disorders of the circulatory system:
Disorder
Atherosclerosis
Embolism
Aneurysm
Cause
Symptoms
Treatment
11) Watch The Blood Mobile video and tell what happens at each organ listed below,
with respect to blood and what the blood is transporting:
A) Lungs 
B) Heart – Right Ventricle 
C) Heart – Left Ventricle 
D) Small Intestine 
E) White Blood Cells 
F) Glands 
G) Liver & Kidney 
Animal Physiology – Assignment #3 – Transport - The Respiratory System
Scroll down and play the Animal section of the Prezi – Respiratory System. Answer the
following questions.
1) List the three characteristics of a respiratory surface:
A)
B)
C)
2) What is the respiratory surface in:
A) Amphibians?
B) Fish?
C) Terrestrial Vertebrates?
3) Explain how the “countercurrent multiplier” or “countercurrent exchange”
systems enhances O2 pickup and CO2 drop-off in gills. Use the diagram and
remember that O2 always wants to move from a higher partial pressure (PO2) to a
lower partial pressure.
4) Explain how insects use trachea to exchange gases.
5) In the mammalian respiratory system diagram below, write the function to the
right of each labeled structure.
6) Draw arrows on the diagram of the alveoli and lung capillaries below showing the
movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Use a red pencil for oxygen and a blue
pencil for carbon dioxide.
7) Pay very close attention to the section of the Prezi titled: From Air to Blood and
Back. It is extremely important that you understand how O2 and CO2 are
transported in the blood.
A) Oxygen Transport in the Blood:
a. Remember, erythrocytes or red blood cells carry LOTS of hemoglobin
and hemoglobin carries O2. What is the relationship between the
partial pressure of oxygen and hemoglobin with respect to oxygen
loading/unloading?
b. What is the relationship between pH and hemoglobin with respect to
oxygen loading/unloading?
B) Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood.
a. Hemoglobin has some affinity for CO2; therefore, some CO2 is carried
by hemoglobin in the blood.
b. Study the diagram and explain how CO2 is converted into bicarbonate
ions (HCO3-) for transport.
C) Control – Imagine you start exercising and soon after you are breathing faster
and faster. Use the information in the “Control” section to explain what is
happening in your respiratory and circulatory system with respect to CO2
concentration, pH, and the brain/nervous system.
8) Complete the chart below on several disorders of the respiratory system:
Disorder
Asthma
Emphysema
Infant Respiratory
Distress
Cause
Symptoms
Treatment
Animal Physiology – Assignment #4
Thermoregulation
Go to: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSUCdLkI474 and watch the Bozeman
Biology video on Thermoregulation. Answer the questions below.
1) Methods of Heat Transfer
Method
Explanation
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Metabolism/Respiration
2) Ectotherms vs. Endotherms
Method of
Thermoregulation
Advantage
Ectotherm
Endotherm
3) What gland in your brain acts as your “internal thermostat”?
Disadvantage
Energy 2 – Thermoregulation Prezi
Essential Knowledge 2.D.2: Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both common ancestry
and divergence due to adaptation in different environments
-Organisms use various strategies to regulate body temperature and metabolism.
1) What is thermoregulation?
2) What is the major source of heat production in organisms?
3) Why do endotherms have a higher metabolic rate than ectotherms?
4) Study the diagram on the Prezi below the Canadian Goose that addresses
controlling heat exchange in organisms. Also study the diagram that follows and
then answer the following questions.
A) As you exercise, your body will release ________, which is a by-product of
metabolic reactions.
B) Give a step-by-step explanation of how your body cools itself if you become
too hot while exercising.
C) Now, give a step-by-step explanation of your body will warm itself if you are
outside on a cool winter day.
5) Explain WHY the skin is the major mechanism of heat exchange between animals
and their environment. THINK!
6) Using what you know about the properties of water, explain why the ocean is
considered a “heat sink”.
7) Using the provided diagrams of the Canadian Goose and the Bottlenose Dolphin,
explain how counter-current exchange decreases heat loss in these organisms.
8) Examine the pictures provided and explain the heat exchange strategy for each
organism in the chart below. Be specific.
Organism
Type of Strategy
Hippopotamus
Endotherm
Lizard
Ectotherm
Harbor Seal
Endotherm
Dragonfly
Ectotherm
Explanation of the Strategy in their
Environment
9) What is the relationship between metabolic rate and temperature in an ectotherm?
10) Note what BMR or Basal Metabolic Rate is. Now, look at the graph, think
critically and answer the following question: Why do larger endotherms consume
more oxygen per hour than smaller endotherms?
11) Study the “Energy Budgets Diagram” and answer the following questions.
A) Compare the 4 kg penguin (endotherm) to the 4 kg snake (ectotherm). Which
one uses more energy to thermoregulate? ______________ Explain why.
B) Compare the .025 kg mouse to the male penguin in terms of activity. If they
are both endotherms, why does the penguin use more of its energy budget than
the deer mouse?
12) If you adjust the metabolic rate per unit of body mass in an endotherm, you will
see that smaller organisms will use much more oxygen per unit of mass than a
large organism. Why do you think this is the case?
Kingdom Animalia
Aquatic
Environmental
Constraints:
Identify
limitations due
to the
environment
Transport: How
are the gases
transported into
and within the
organism?
Respiratory:
What are the
structures used
for gas exchange?
Circulation:
Describe the path
that O2 and CO2
take
Thermoregulation:
Describe
strategies used
to regulate
temperature &
metabolism
Terrestrial