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RELIGION - Intro Geo asks questions WHERE? and WHY?....where are world’s religions distributed? Why there? Why some widely distributed and some locally? Like Lang, relig results in tension in scale betwn globalization and local diversity Global/universalizing V. Local/ethnic religions Global/universalizing religions: proselyte, seek converts, appeal to all (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism) • 60% of world’s people follow univ relig • Local/Ethnic relig: not seeking converts, designed to appeal to 1 group, usually in one place (Judaism, Hinduism,, Confucianism) • 25% follow ethnic relig • 15% no relig Universalizing V. Ethnic Relig Many relig require exclusive adherence, so adopting a global relig can require turning away from a local one Traditional Local/ethnic relig: • Shamanism: NA – local leader is priest, counselor, physician, claims conduit to supernatural world • Animism: local tradition mostly in Africa and Americas – world itself seen as infused with spiritual and supernatural powers Culture Relig = critical part of culture • Core values and beliefs come from relig • Enmeshed with our cultural and social systems Tied to pop growth Politics Design and structure of cities Sacred space Marriage, family, education, laws, health code Commonalities among world relig: Implied value system (right and wrong) Notion of sacred (texts and space) Idea @ place of humans in universe Most have creation story Most believe in higher power/force Most include teachings @ many facets of life – law, politics, fitness, diet, cleanliness, etc. Differences Universalizing v. ethnic Monotheistic v. Polytheistic Evangelical/proselytizing v. NOT Hierarchical v. Local Autonomy • Ex: Catholic..ex. - Protestant congregations Organizational Divisions Branches: fundamental division (Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox) Denominations: division of branch that unites a # of local congregations (Methodist, Presbyterian, S. Baptist) Sects: small group that has broken away from a denomination Migration Diffusion Migrants usually take their religion with them, but unlike language, they usually maintain it for several generations. i.e. places of immigration are usually very religiously diverse (United States) World Religions World Religions World’s Largest Religions 1.) Christianity – most widely diffused (all of America’s, Europe, parts of Africa, Australia, New Zealand) 2.) Islam – Middle East, N. Africa, Indonesia 3.) Hinduism (ethnic) - India 4.) Buddhism (difficult to measure) – East Asia Largest World Religions Largest Religious Groups in US (US = 82% Christian) 1.) Protestant 53% (Baptist, Methodist, Lutheran, Presbyterian) 2.) Catholic 23% (New England, Southwest) 3.) Mormon 2% (Utah, Idaho, Arizona, CO, Southern CA) 4.) Orthodox 1% US Religious Distr….scale? CHRISTIANITY – universalizing, global religion Christianity - @ 2 billion followers = world’s largest relig and most geographically dispersed Doctrines: • Monotheistic • Origins in Judaism (Old Testament) • Christ = son of God, promised Messiah, Savior, way to salvation • Sacred Text: Bible (OT and NT) • Sacred Places: Israel, holy lands Where Distributed? C = major relig in all of Americas, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and countries w/ Christian majority exist in Africa and Asia 3 Major Branches: • Catholic (50%), SW and E Eur, LA, parts of N. America) • Protestantism (25%):N. Eur, Austr, NZ, N. America • Eastern Orthodox (10%): 14 self governing churches in E. Eur (i.e. Russian Orthodox, etc.) Pope Benedict Martin Luther Henry VIII Origins of Christianity Jesus – virgin birth in Bethlehem, literal son of God, raised as a Jew, called disciples, organized church, referred to as “the Christ, Messiah,” atonement, resurrection • Catholics = Pope = head of church • E. Orthodox: split from Catholics in 1054 b/c rivalry betwn Pope in Rome and Patriarch in Constantinople • Protestantism: split 1517 – Martin Luther later Henry VIII Diffusion of Christianity C diffused by relocation, hierarchical, and contagious diff Hearth = Palestine 1st diff by relocation: after Christ’s death missionary apostles carried his etchings along Roman empire (i.e. Paul) Spread within Roman empire by contagious diff – contact betwn Christians and Pagans Diffusion – contd. Dominance was assured in Roman empire by hierarchical diff – Emperor Constantine converted Migration, missionary activity, and British colonialism (1500-today) spread C worldwide Acculturation: conversion and intermarriage of natives, Africans, etc. Christian Calendar EASTER – commemorates Christ’s resurrection and the pending resurrection of all men CHRISTMAS – commemorates the birth of Christ – Virgin Mary, literal Son of God Organization of Space – Places of Worship Church: comes from Greek word meaning “Lord” or “Master” “church” can refer to the bldg and the group of people Traditionally churches placed in town center - largest, tallest, prettiest bldg. Church architecture varies from branch to branch, denomination to denomination (Protestant churches usually more simple) Cemeteries – bury dead underground ISLAM – universalizing relig @ 1 billion followers #2 behind Christianity Followers found worldwide, but esp in: • Middle East and N. Africa • Indonesia (most populous Muslim country) • Pakistan • Bangladesh ISLAM - Doctrines Also has roots in Judaism (accepts many OT stories and prophets) Monotheistic – one God – Allah Prophet Mohammad = last and greatest prophet Koran 5 Pillars – Faith, Prayer, Pilgrimage, Alms, Fasting ISLAM – Distribution Two Major branches • Sunni = 83% of Muslims – in ME and N. Africa • Shiites= 16% - in Iraq, Iran and Azerbaijan (caliph must be descended from Muhammad’s blood line) • Muslim pop in Eur and N. America in recent yrs. b/c of immigration • Arabic = lingua franca of Muslim world (Koran in Arabic) ISLAM - Origins Abraham: Hagar and Ishmael – ancestors Muhammad & Arabic line Muhammad – born @ 570 AD in Mecca (Saudi Arabia). Rec’d revelations from God through Angel Gabriel (Koran). Gained following in Medina, returned to Mecca & est Islam. From there diffused to rest of ME, N. Africa, E. Asia, etc. Diffused by Muslim Empires – Ottoman, Mogul, Persian ISLAM – Holy Places Mecca: holiest city (hajj) contains al-Ka’ba – thought to be built by Abraham and Ishmael and contains black stone given to Abraham by Gabriel as sign of the covenant (in Saudi Arabia – pilgrimage) ISLAM – holy places cont’d Medina: Muhammad’s tomb here (in Saudi Arabia) Jerusalem: Muhammad ascended to heaven here (Dome of the Rock – pictured below) – i.e. conflict w/ Jews Places of worship = mosques call to prayer by the muzzan from the minaret tower mosque in Indonesia BUDDHISM – universalizing relig B = 3rd largest univ relig w/ 300 million followers Founded by the Buddha – Siddhartha Gautama BUDDHISM - Doctrines 4 Noble Truths: suffering, why it exists, how to prevent it (change desires) 8 Fold Path – way to achieve “Nirvana” i.e. complete redemption (right…understanding, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, concentration) Reincarnation BUDDHISM – where distributed 3 main branches • Mahayanists – 56% China, Japan, Korea • Theravadists – 38% - Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Sri Lanka • Tantrayanists – 6% - Tibet, Mongolia Actual # of Bud difficult to know b/c doesn’t require exclusive adherence. Many Budd also follow a local/ethnic relig BUDDHISM- Origins Founder – Siddhartha Gautama – born 1563 BC present day Nepal. • Son of a lord • Led privileged life • 4 trips changed his life Decrepit old man Disease ridden man Corpse…pain, suffering, felt guilty @ own life Monk – taught him @ withdrawal from world Buddha At 29 yrs – fled palace, lived in forest 6 yrs meditating. Emerged as “The Buddha” – the enlightened one. Spent 45 years preaching views in modern day India 2 main branches • Theravada – oldest, believe Budd is full time occupation, become monk • Mahayana – split off 2,000 yrs ago, less demanding, emphasize Buddha’s self help and introspection BUDDHISM - Diffusion Began in NE India – spread east by traveling monks to Asia 1st C – AD Merchants brought Budd to China – truly became a Chinese religion From China diffused to Korea and Japan BUDDHISM – holy places Important places are assoc w/ life of Buddha in Nepal and NE India Pagoda: contains relics believed to be from Buddha. Pagodas not used for congregational worship Temples and monasteries used for individual prayer and meditation SIKHISM – universalizing relig @ 24 million followers almost all in Punjab region of India 1st guru (relig teacher) in late 1400s in present day Pakistan God is perfect – people become like him by continual improvement – take resp for actions, surrender to God Men – wear turbans, don’t cut hair Holy Place = Golden Temple - Punjab Sikhism Sikh Golden Temple in Punjab region – N. India JUDAISM – Ethnic relig @ 6 million in US, 4 mill in Israel, 2mill in former USSR, 2 mill elsewhere. In U.S. Jews heavily concentrated in large cities (NYC) Jews geographically scattered from historical captivities and conquering Jewish Doctrine 1st monotheistic relig – 1 God and Jews are his covenant people (through Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, 12 tribes) God gave land of Canaan to Abraham and his seed – divided among tribes Ten Commandments Torah – Old Testament (do NOT accept NT or Jesus as the Christ) Distribution/Diffusion Jews dispersed by Romans @ 70 ADDiaspora – scattered throughout Eur A people w/out a nation for hundreds of years. Some in Eur assimilated. Others persecuted • Russia and Romania – pogroms in late 1800s and early 1900s • Nazis – Holocaust – 1930s-1940s ZIONISM – the return Zionism – call for Jews to return to their promised land Always existed, but not a major movement until the Holocaust Holocaust survivors return to land of Palestine – have historical and spiritual claim on land (but Palestinians there for 2,000 yrs) Israel recog as a nation by UN in 1948 backed by US and GB….conflict ever since Jewish Calendar Rosh Hashanah – New Year Yom Kippur – Day of Autumn Hanukkah – Festival of Lights Passover – commemorates Israeli liberation from slavery in Egypt – destroying angel passed over Israeli’s first borns. God led Moses with many miracles to deliver his people to their land Jewish Holy Places Synagogues Land of Palestine – ZION Wailing Wall – remnant of original Jewish temple destroyed by Romans (Muslim Dome of Rock is located just in front…significance of shared sacred space has fueled conflict HINDUISM – ethnic relig Hind = largest ethnic religion - @ 820 million In general the 3rd largest relig worldwide behind Christianity and Islam HINDUISM - Doctrines No single authority Vedas - collection of sacred writings Up to individual to decide best way to worship God Caste System – reincarnation – you move up by good karma Ahisma – do not eat any living being - vegetarian HINDUISM Where distributed – INDIA and Nepal Origins – no specific founder. The term “Hindusim” originally referred to people living in India. Diffusion – very little; not seeking converts Holy Places – tied to India • Ganges River – purifies • Temples – shrines home to various Gods Other Ethnic Religions Most people in China and Japan practice ethnic relig that co-exist w/ Buddhism. Very different from W. concept of exclusive relig adherence….i.e. many Chinese are both Buddhist and Confucian Confucianism Confucius – 551-479 BC– Chinese philosopher and teacher Emphasized ancient Chinese tradition of “li” – correct behavior…how to treat others, stresses responsibility, respect, public service Ethnic relig b/c strongly rooted in traditional Chinese values DAOISM (Taoism) Created by Lao-Zi 604-531 BC – a contemporary of Confucius Writings emphasized the mystical and magical to explain events Stresses introspection – seek dao – the way or the path Today in China and Taiwan SHINTOISM Ethnic relig of Japan Focus on forces of nature – sun, moon, rivers, etc. Later regarded emperors as divine (turned into a political cult i.e. WWII) Still in Japan today – references ancestors, pilgrimages to shrines belvd to house deities Ethnic African Religions @ 10% of African’s follow animism – inanimate objects (trees, stones, river) have spirit/conscious life No holy books, passed down by oral tradition Practitioners of animism have decreased as Christianity and Islam have spread (Af = @ 50 % Christian, 40% Muslim Concepts of Sacred Space Sacred Space: geographic intersection between the divine and the mortal Religious toponyms……examples? Concepts of Sacred Space Landscape of the dead • Christians, Muslims, Jews bury dead in cemetery (dates back to ancient Roman catacombs) • Hindus – cremation – wash body in Ganges River and burn on funeral pyre • Ancient Zoroastrians – expose dead to scavenging birds and animals to strip body of unclean portions. Don’t want body to contaminate sacred elements of earth, fire, water Sacred Space Religious Settlements – entire settlement around relig purposes • i.e. utopian communities • Often theocracies – church and political leaders = the same • Examples….. Puritans – Mass, city on a hill, 1600s Moravians – 1700s – Bethlehem, PA and Salem, NC Mormons 1800s – Nauvoo, Ill, SLC, UT RELIGIOUS CONFLICT Recent resurgence of fundamentalism (literal interpretation and intense adherence to principles of relig)….often causes divide within the relig and problems w/ others - Taliban – Afghanistan - Hindus – caste system - Christian fund – Eric Rudolph - 911 suicide bombers Religion and Communism Comm countered relig – Marx says relig is “opium” of the people and threat to the state USSR – 1918 – Comm Rev – govnt nationalizes all church property; relig dwindles No relig freedom – if you go, go to Orthodox services controlled by govn Fall of Comm late 80s early 90s – resurgence of relig in E. Eur Relig V. Relig – interfaith boundaries….Palestine Palestine..Jews,, Christians, and Muslims have fought for over 2,000 yrs for small piece of land Jews and Palestinians claim historical and spiritual tie to land (Abraham) GB opened door for Jewish return (Balfour Declaration) 1948 Israel recognized by UN – no nation of Palestine…refugees Palestine – cont’d 3 subsequent ward….’56, ’67, ’73…each time Israel wins and expands into more land Israel would not exist w/out U.S. backing…..big reason why U.S. hated by Middle East Israel = tiny nation surrounded on all sides by countries that want to destroy it City of Jerusalem = esp problematic b/c contains relig sites for Jews, Christians, and Muslims Religion V. Religion - IRELAND Ireland = 92% Catholic N. Ireland = (northern portion of island…part of UK) 58% Prot, 42% Cath Ireland got independence in 1937 and created republic of Ireland in 1949. But 6 N. counties voted to stay w/ UK Cath in N. Ireland = victims of discrimination in jobs and education Religion V. Religion - IRELAND Continuous cycle of demonstrations and protests IRA – Irish Republican Army – Catholics in Ireland and N. Ireland – militant org dedicated to Irish unity – use terrorism, bombings, etc. @ 3,000 dead over yrs in N. Ireland Majority willing to live peacefully – militants disrupt peace for all – fuel fires, polarize sides, etc.