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FIRST RESPONDER
CHAPTER 4: THE HUMAN BODY
Objectives
Cognitive
1-4.1 Describe the anatomy and function of the respiratory system. (pp. 56–58, 59)
1-4.2 Describe the anatomy and function of the circulatory system. (pp. 58, 60)
1-4.3 Describe the anatomy and function of the musculoskeletal system.(pp. 53–56, 57)
1-4.4 Describe the components and function of the nervous system. (pp. 59, 61, 64–65)
Introduction to Chapter 4
As First Responders you must have a basic knowledge of the human body. By recognizing normal anatomy, you
will be better able to recognize injuries in the patients you treat. Knowledge of anatomy also will help you
document your findings and communicate them to other health-care providers accurately and succinctly.
Teaching Tip
As a member of the EMS team, it is important to obtain and use a good medical dictionary.
Point of Interest
The human heart beats about 3 billion times in an average person’s lifetime.
Point to Emphasize
It is important when giving an oral report or writing a PCR that information be accurate. If you can’t remember
the anatomical name, then use a general description. For example, if you can’t remember femur, then refer to “the
bone of the upper leg.”
CHAPTER 4 OUTLINE: THE HUMAN BODY
I. Anatomical Terms (pp. 50, 52–53)
A. Terms of position (Fig. 4-1, p. 50)
1. Anatomical position
2. Supine position
3. Prone position
4. Lateral recumbent position (recovery position)
B. Terms of direction and location (p. 50)
1. Superior and inferior
2. Anterior and posterior
3. Medial and lateral
4. Proximal and distal
5. Superficial and deep
6. Internal and external
C. Anatomical regions (Fig. 4-2, p. 51)
D. Topographic anatomy (Fig. 4-3, p. 52)
E. Body cavities (p. 52) (Fig. 4-4, p. 52)
1. Thoracic cavity (Fig. 4-5, p. 53)
2. Abdominal cavity
3. Pelvic cavity
F. Abdominal quadrants (p. 52) (Fig. 4-6, p. 54)
1. Right upper quadrant
2. Left upper quadrant
3. Right lower quadrant
4. Left lower quadrant
II. Body Systems (pp. 53–63)
A. Musculoskeletal system (pp. 53–54, 56)
1. Skeleton (Figs. 4-7 and 4-8, pp. 55, 56)
a. skull
b. spinal column
c. thorax
d. sternum
e. xiphoid process
f. pelvis
g. shoulder girdle (clavicle and scapulae)
h. extremities
2. Muscles (Figs. 4-9 and 4-10, pp. 57, 58)
a. skeletal muscles
b. smooth muscles
c. cardiac muscles
B. Respiratory system (pp. 56–58) (Fig. 4-11, p. 59)
1. respiration
2. anatomy
3. special considerations infants and children
C. Circulatory system (p. 58) (Fig. 4-12, p. 60)
1. heart (4 chambers)
2. pulses
a. carotid
b. brachial
c. radial
d. femoral
3. blood vessels (Figs. 4-13, 4-14, and 4-15, pp. 61, 62, 63)
a. arteries
b. veins
c. capillaries
D. Nervous system (p. 59) (Fig. 4-16, pp. 64–65)
1. central nervous system
2. peripheral nervous system
E. Skin (p. 61) (Fig. 4, p. 66)
1. epidermis
2. dermis
3. subcutaneous fatty tissue
F. Digestive system (pp. 61–62) (Fig. 4-18, p. 66)
G. Urinary system (p. 62) (Fig. 4-19, p. 67)
H. Endocrine system (p. 62)
I. Reproductive system (p. 63) (Fig. 4-20, p. 67)
First Responder Assignments
Chapter 4: The Human Body
I. STUDY QUESTIONS (“Q”)
Section 1: Anatomical Terms
Q1. What are four positions in which a patient may be found? Briefly describe each one. (p. 50)
Q2. What are three terms of direction or location? Use each one in a sentence to describe a body part. (p. 50)
Q3. What are the three main body cavities? Name an organ that can be found in each one. (p. 52)
Section 2: Body Systems
Q1. What are the names of the bones in the forearm?
What are the names of the bones in the lower leg? (p. 56)
Q2. How does air move through the body to enter the bloodstream? Describe the path it takes. (pp. 56–58)
Q3. How does blood move through the heart and lungs? Briefly describe the process. (p. 58)
Q4. What is the nervous system composed of? What are its functions? (pp. 59, 61)
II. The Call Follow-Up (in the book)
Read the scenario on pages 51 and 68.
Q1. The First Responders found that the patient’s left leg was injured. Would that be the patient’s left or the
First Responder’s left? (p. 50)
Q2. The First Responders reported to the EMTs that there is “adequate pulse, motor function, and sensation distal
to the injury.” In this sentence, to what does “distal” refer? (p. 50)
Name _________________________
Date _________________________
Hour _________________________
III. The Call: Anatomy Applied
Read the scenario. Then answer the questions that follow.
You and your crew are dispatched to a fall at a home. As you pull up to the one-family house, you size up the
scene. A chimney-cleaning truck is parked in the driveway. There is scaffolding around a chimney at the east
end of the house, and at its base, two men are kneeling over a third man, who is lying supine on the ground. The
scene appears to be safe, so you grab your jump kit and approach. As you do, one of the men runs over to you
and tells you that they had been re-pointing the chimney when Luis lost his footing and fell about 18 feet to the
hard ground.
Your patient is not conscious when you begin your initial assessment. After determining that he is breathing
adequately, you note a large laceration on the left side of his jaw. You note that an area on the outside of the
patient’s left arm, just above the elbow, is swollen and deformed. There is also a large laceration on the front of
the patient’s upper left thigh just above the kneecap, which is bleeding profusely.
1. Which of the body’s major systems do you suspect may have been injured as a result of the fall?
2. Where is the injury on the patient’s head? (Use the correct anatomical term.)
3. Where is the injury to the patient’s arm? (Use the correct medical terms for anatomy and location.)
4. Where is the injury to the patient’s lower extremity? (Use the correct medical terms for
anatomy and location.)
Name ____________________________
Date ____________________________
Hour ___________________________
IV. Chapter 4 Review
In the space provided, write the word or words that best complete each sentence.
1. When describing injuries to a patient, remember that the words “right” and “left” always
refer to the ___________________________right and left.
2. To describe the anatomical position of the head in relation to the chest, you would say that
“the head is __________________________ to the chest.”
3. A patient lying down on his or her abdomen is said to be in the _________________________ position.
4. The elbow is _______________________to the shoulder, or farther away from the torso than the shoulder is.
5. The driver is experiencing _________________________neck pain, or pain to the back of her neck, where it
forcefully impacted the headrest.
6. The ______________________quadrant of the abdomen contains the liver, colon, pancreas, and gallbladder.
7. The ___________________________ extend from the hips to the toes.
8. The ___________________________consists of 33 bones known as the vertebrae.
9. The circulatory system consists of the _________________, ________________and _________________.
10. The carotid pulse may be felt on either side of the ___________________________.
.
11. The __________________________ pulse may be felt on the thumb side of the wrist.
12. The endocrine system causes changes within the body by producing chemicals called _________________.
.
Name ________________________
Date _________________________
Hour _________________________
V. Chapter 4 True or False
Indicate if the following statements are true or false by writing T or F in the space provided.
______ 1. The term “anatomy” refers to the structure of the body.
______ 2. The directions “left” and “right” always refer to the First Responder’s left and right.
______ 3. The term “lateral” refers to a position farther away from the midline of the body.
______ 4. The term “superior” means front and “inferior” means back.
______ 5. Anatomically speaking, the elbow is distal to the hand.
______ 6. “Internal” refers to outside the body, and “external” refers to inside the body.
______ 7. A wound to the forearm is distal to the wrist.
______ 8. The pubis is the anterior portion of the pelvis.
______ 9. The area posterior to the mouth and nose is called the pharynx.
______10. The abdominal cavity is the space above the diaphragm.
______11. The thoracic cavity is also called the chest cavity.
______12. The ulna may be found in the lower extremity.
______13. The femur may be found in the upper extremity.
______14. The patella is the joint between the humerus and the radius.
______15. The medical name for the breastbone is scapula.
______16. The scapula and clavicle make up the shoulder girdle.
______17. “Sternum” is another name for the breastbone.
______18. Seven vertebrae form the cervical spine, or neck.
______19. Ligaments connect bone to bone, and tendons connect muscle to bone.
______20. The epiglottis is part of the respiratory system.
______21. The metatarsals may be found in the foot.
______22. The hip bones are also referred to as the pelvis.
______23. Bronchi and alveoli are part of the circulatory system.
______24. The diaphragm is a muscle involved in breathing.
______25. Veins carry blood toward the heart, and arteries take blood away from the heart.
______26. The heart consists of five chambers called pumps.
______27. The skin plays an important part in regulating the body’s temperature.
______28. The autonomic nervous system regulates functions such as breathing.
______29. The outermost layer of skin is called the dermis.
______30. The endocrine system includes the alimentary tract.
VI. Active Learning
Activity #1: Pair up with a friend or partner from class. On strips of paper, write the following bone
names: humerus, radius, tibia, femur, mandible, scapula, tarsal, and clavicle. Tape each
strip of paper on your friend’s or partner’s respective bones within 45 seconds.
Activity #2: Repeat this same exercise with other body structures you wish to learn and remember. You
may want to include arterial pulse points and major organs in the abdominal quadrants.
Follow-up: During the next class, follow the instructions described in the previous section for
conducting an “EMS Bowl.” The exercise should take approximately 30 minutes.
EMS Bowl
Divide the class into two teams. Read aloud 20 anatomical descriptions or anatomical term definitions.
After reading each one, give teams 30 seconds to confer and choose a term that matches. The captain of
team A will state his or her team’s answer. Then team B must decide whether team A’s answer is
correct. If team B judges team A’s answer to be incorrect, team B must give the correct term.
Scoring is as follows:
If team A is correct and team B agrees, then A receives two points and B receives one point.
If team A is correct and team B disagrees, A gets two points and B gets none.
If team A is incorrect and team B is correct, A gets no points and B gets one point.
If both teams are incorrect, neither team gets any points.
Elaborate on student answers if necessary, and provide the correct one if neither team provides it. You
may want to give each member of the winning team a prize, such as an inexpensive key chain or pen.
VII. TECH EXTRAS :
The new Multimedia Program features two key items: Companion Website www.prenhall.com/limmer Tied
chapter by chapter to the text, this free website includes Practice Tests, Case Studies, WebLinks to Additional
Sources, Spanish Chapter Outlines, and Anatomy and Physiology Labeling Activities.
VIII. FIRST RESPONDER ELECTRONIC EXTRAS:
This student CD-ROM, packaged free with each student textbook, contains Chapter Reinforcement Exercises, a
Trauma Photo Gallery, Video Clips, an Audio Glossary, a Hazmat Situation Simulator, Games, Virtual Tours,
Scene Size-Up Exercises, and Drag-and- Drop Forms.