Download Stars and Galaxies

Stars and Galaxies
1. A _____________________ is a group of stars that when viewed from Earth look
close together.
2. In most cases, they are _________ related to one another.
3. ___________________ is in the right shoulder of the constellation Orion.
4. The brightest star in the winter sky is ______________ and is located in Canis Major.
5. The _____________________ is part of Ursa Major.
6. Polaris is the _____________________ and is located in the end of the Little DipperUrsa Minor.
7. Circumpolar constellations circle around ___________________ in the northern sky.
8. All of the constellations appear to move because _________________ is moving.
9. The constellations also appear to change positions in the sky because the Earth
____________________ around the sun.
10. For example, ________________ is visible in the winter sky, but not in the summer.
11. The _____________________________ of a star is a measure of the amount of light
a star actually gives off.
12. The amount of light received on Earth is ____________________________.
13. A star that is actually dim can appear very bright if it is close to _______________.
The opposite is true also. A star that’s actually bright can appear ____________ if it
is far away.
14. ____________________ is the apparent shift in the position of an object when
viewed from two different locations.
15. Observation: hold your hand at arm’s length and look at one finger first with your
left eye and then with your right eye. Your finger appears to change position. Try
the same thing with your finger up closer to your face. What do you notice?
______________________________________________________
16. The nearer an object is to the observer, the greater its _______________________.
17. __________________ can be used to measure distance from Earth of relatively close
stars.
18. Distances in space are measured in _____________________.
19. A light-year is the distance __________________ travels in one year.
20. Light travels at 300,000 km/s or about _________ trillion km in a year.
21. The nearest star to the Earth is __________________________ and is 4.2 light years
away; it takes 4.2 years for the light to reach your eyes.
22. The color of a star determines its _____________________.
23. Very hot stars are _____________________________; cool stars are orange or red.
Our sun is ____________________.
24. Astronomers use spectrographs to study the ___________________ of stars to
identify properties of stars.
25. Spectrographs break ______________________ into its component colors.
26. Dark lines are in the spectrum of a star.
27. The dark lines are caused by _____________________ in the star’s atmosphere.
28. As light passes through a star’s atmosphere, some of it is absorbed by elements in the
atmosphere and appear as _______________________ in the spectrum.
29. Each element has a certain pattern of black lines and can be used to identify which
elements are in a _______________.
30. Hetzsprung and Russell noticed that for most stars, the higher their temperatures, the
brighter their __________________________. They developed the H-R diagram.
31. The temperatures were placed across the ____________________ and the absolute
magnitude up the side.
32. Most stars fit into a ____________________ band that runs from the upper left to the
lower right; this band is called the ___________________________.
33. _________% of all stars are main sequence stars.
34. The _____________ is a main sequence star.
35. Stars produce energy by the _______________of hydrogen into helium; mass is lost
in the reaction.
36. Fusion occurs in the ______________ of stars
37. The ______________ of a star determines its life cycle.
38. A star begins as a cloud of gas and dust known as a __________________.
39. Nebula contracts, temperatures increase, and _______________ begins; a star is born.
40. The star becomes a _______________________ star.
41. A main sequence star fuses hydrogen into __________________ until it is used up.
42. There is no longer a balance between pressure and _________________, so the core
contracts, temperatures increase, causing the outer layer of the star to expand forming
a ________________.
43. Helium fuses to form ________________ in the core.
44. The core contracts and then uses up the carbon. When the core runs out of fuel, the
outer layers escape into space and only the hot, dense ________________remains.
45. The core contracts even more under the pressure of gravity and becomes a
___________________________.
46. In stars 10 times greater than the sun, the star becomes a ______________________.
47. Eventually _____________ forms in the core and fusion cannot take place.
48. The core collapses and the outer portion of the star explodes, producing a
___________________________.
49. A _______________________ can be millions of times greater than the original star.
50. The collapsed core shrinks so that only neutrons can exist in the dense core; it
becomes a _____________________ star.
51. If the remaining dense core is 3 times larger than the sun, it will quickly become a
_____________________.
52. A _______________________ is so dense that nothing can escape its gravity field.
53. Black holes give off ______________________.
54. Nebula comes from __________________ that was once in stars.
55. Stars eject lots of ________________ during their lifetime.
56. The matter in stars is __________________ many times.
57. Our sun has iron and carbon according to its _____________________; it is too
young to have produced it, so it must have come from stars that died billions of years
ago.
58. Some elements condense to form ___________________ instead of stars.
59. Our bodies contain elements that were fused in the ______________ of ancient stars.
60. Most scientists believe the early universe consisted only of ____________________
and helium.
61. More than ________% of the matter in our solar system is in the sun.
62. Our sun is an _________________ star and a _________________________ star.
63. The sun is a giant ball of ___________ fusing hydrogen into helium.
64. The __________________ is the lower layer of the atmosphere that gives off light.
65. The _____________________ is above the photosphere.
66. Above the chromosphere is the _______________________.
67. The corona is the __________________ layer of the sun’s atmosphere.
68. Charged particles are given off by the corona and move through space as
__________________________.
69. __________________ are the dark areas that are cooler than other areas on the sun.
70. By studying the position of sunspots, we learned the sun __________________; it
rotates faster at the equator than the poles.
71. Sunspots are not ___________________ features on the sun.
72. Sunspot maximums occur every ______ years. The last maximum was in 2001. The
next maximum will be in 2012.
73. _______________________ are huge arching columns of gases
74. It is believed they are caused by the intense ________________________________
associated with sunspots.
75. Gases near sunspots sometimes shoot out at high speeds; hese violent eruptions are
__________________________.
76. Solar flares increase ____________________ activity in both hemispheres.
77. The Aurora Borealis is in the _________________ hemisphere; Aurora Australis is
in the _________________ hemisphere
78. Most stars are in systems where 2 or more stars orbit one another; his is a
___________________ system.
79. Our _____________ is not in a binary system.
80. A _______________ is a large group of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity.
81. Our galaxy is the _______________________ Galaxy and contains about 200 billion
stars.
82. Galaxies are grouped together in clusters; our cluster is the ____________________.
83. There are 3 types of galaxies: elliptical, ___________________, and irregular.
84. Spiral galaxies have __________________ arms that wind out from the center and
are made up of ________________ and dust.
85. There are fewer stars between the ____________.
86. ___________________ spirals have 2 arms that extend from a large bar that goes
through the center of the galaxy.
87. The Milky Way is probably a __________________ spiral galaxy. Recent evidence
points to it being a _________________ spiral. We can’t tell because we are in one
of the arms and cannot look at it from the outside.
88. The sun is located on the ____________ side of the center of the galaxy.
89. The Milky Way is _________________ light years across.
90. A Doppler Shift occurs with _______________ and sound.
91. When a car blows its horn as it passes by, it has a _____________ pitch and gets
lower as it goes by. This is a ______________________________ in sound.
92. In light, a ____________________ in spectrum indicates that a galaxy is moving
away from you and a __________________ means that a galaxy is moving toward
you.
93. Because all galaxies beyond the Local Group show a ___________________, it
means that the galaxies are moving away from us, means that the universe is expanding.
94. The _____________________ theory is the theory for the formation of the universe.
95. The theory states that _________________ billion years ago, the universe began
expanding out of an enormous explosion.
96. Scientists have discovered ___________________ in space they believe was created
by the Big Bang.