Download THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Objectives:
1. List the basic components of the human reproductive system, and
summarize the functions of each.
2. Describe the components of the male reproductive system and the
roles played by the reproductive tract and accessory glands in
producing spermatozoa; specify the composition of semen; and
summarize the hormonal mechanisms that regulate male reproductive
functions.
3. Describe the components of the female reproductive system and the
ovarian roles in oogenesis; explain the complete ovarian and uterine
cycles; outline the histology, anatomy, and functions of the vagina;
and summarize all aspects of the female reproductive cycle.
4. Discuss the physiology of sexual intercourse in males and females.
5. Describe the reproductive changes that occur with aging.
6. Give examples of interactions between the reproductive system and
each of the other organ systems.
Overview of Reproductive Systems
 Essential (____________________ _______________________) organs – produce
_____________________________

Testes

Ovaries
 Accessory (_______________________________ sexual) organs

_______________________ and __________________________________

Perineal structures
 Secondary sexual ____________________________________________
Function
 Continuation of species
 Genetic variation
 Sex refers to the union of haploid gametes and reproduction is the continuation of
species
147010005
1

Asexual reproduction

__________________________________ reproduction ; )
Gross Anatomy - Male
 Essential Organs

_____________________________

Seminiferous tubules
 Accessory Organs

Reproductive
_____________________________

__________________________

Ductus deferens



Ejaculatory duct
__________________________

Prostatic

Membranous

Spongy or Penile
External Genitalia

________________________________

________________________________
 Accessory or Supportive Sex Glands

____________________________________

____________________________________ gland

____________________________________ glands
The Testes
 __________________________________ Tubules
 Tunica Albuginea

Septa
 Rete Testis
147010005
2
 __________________________________________________

Efferent Ductule

_________________________ ________________________________
 Spermatic Cord

Ductus deferens

Testicular artery, veins and lymphatics

________________________________ muscle
Seminiferous Tubules
 Interstitial cells (Cells of Leydig)

_____________________________________
 _________________________________________________ Cells (Sertoli Cells)

Nutrients to developing Spermatogonia
 Spermatogonia
Spermatocytes
_______________________
Mitosis and
Meiosis
__________________________genesis
147010005
3
Spermatozoa
__________________________genesis
Spermatozoa
Epididymis
Ductus (Vas) Deferens
Semen
 2-5 ml semen / ejaculation
 ___________________________ million sperm / ml
 Composition:

Sperm

Nutrients

Fructose

Prostaglandins

Hormones

Enzymes

Antibiotic

Clotting factors
Contributors to Semen
 Testes

___________________________________
 _______________________________ ________________________________

60% of volume

Alkaline fluid

Fructose, ascorbic acid, coagulating enzyme, prostaglandins
 ___________________________________ _____________________________

33% of volume

Enzymes for sperm activation
 _________________________________________ glands
147010005
4

Mucous (neutralizes acidic urine in urethra)
External Genitalia
 Penis

Corpus _______________________________

Corpus _______________________________

_______________________________ penis

_______________________________

circumcision
 Erection

Vessels
_________________________________

Blood flow
________________________________

Vascular channels
_____________________________________
with blood
 Scrotum

Tunica vaginalis and albuginea

Septum marked by raphe

_________________________________ vs
cremaster
Descent of the Testes
 Develop in the abdominal cavity
 __________________________________________
 Inguinal canal
 7th Month
 Cryptorchidism
147010005
5
Clinical Concerns - Male
 ___________________________________________
 ____________________________________________
 ____________________________________________
 Feminization (no testosterone receptors)
 Impotence
Clinical Concerns - Male
 _________________________________________________
 Hydrocele
 ______________________________________________ hernia
Clinical Concerns - Male
 Cancer:


______________________________________________

Most common among 15-39 year-olds

TSE
______________________________________________

Benign hypertrophy


147010005
Prostatectomy
Cancerous growths

Prostatectomy

Chemotherapy

Cryotherapy

Microwave therapy

Hormone therapy

Radiation therapy

Internal “seeds”

External beams
6
Female
Gross Anatomy - Female
 Essential Organs

__________________________________
 Accessory Organs

_____________________________ tubes

Fimbriae

_______________________________

_______________________________

Vagina

Labia ____________________________

Labia minora

Vestibular glands

___________________________________________
Ovaries
 Primordial follicle
 Primary
___________________________

Granulosa cells
 Secondary follicle

Antrum
 Vesicular (mature or Graafian)
follicle
 ___________________________
147010005
7
Oogenesis
 Millions of primary oocytes present at birth
 Only about __________________________ present at _______________________
 Develops into secondary oocyte just ____________________________ ovulation
 Completes Meiosis II if ______________________________ and becomes an ovum
Estrogen and Progesterone
Uterine Tubes
 Also known as:
fallopian tubes or oviducts
 Infundibulum

Fimbriae
 __________________________
Uterus and Vagina
 Fundus
 Body
 __________________________
 Vagina

Birth canal
 Perimetrium
 Myometrium
 _________________________________________________

Stratum ________________________________________

Stratum basalis
Histology of Uterus
147010005
8
Uterine or Menstrual Cycle
 _____________________________
 Normal cycle ≈ 28 days
 _____________________________
External Gentitalia
147010005
9
Mammary Glands
 Present in both male and female
 Alveoli, __________________________________________ duct
 Modified sweat glands (integumentary system)
Clinical Concerns - Female
 __________________________________________

Spread of endometrium to pelvic peritoneum
 Dysmenorrhea
 ___________________________________________________
 Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
Clinical Concerns - Female
 Cancer/cysts of uterus/ovary

Often requires __________________________________/oophectomy

Myoma or fibromyoma of uterus

Ovarian cysts

_________________________________________ cancer

Pap smear

Uterine cancer

Ovarian cancer
 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Salpingitis

Oophoritis

___________________________________________

Can lead to toxic shock syndrome
 ____________________________________________ pregnancies
 Infertility
147010005
10
_________________________________________________ - Female
 Maternal adrenal tumor, steroid usage
 Still has ovaries; scrotum empty
 Cosmetic surgery can be successful
 Pseudohermaphrodites (leads to infertility)
Development of Internal Organs - Male
Development of External Genitalia - Male
Development of Internal Organs - Female
Development of External Genitalia - Female
Urogenital Development, Review
 Paramesonephric (Mullerian ) Duct
__________________________________ Tubes (Female)
 Involutes (Male)
 Mesonephric (Wolffian) Duct
___________________________ __________________________ (Male)
 Involutes (Female)
 Metanephric Duct
 Ureters (Both)
Clinical Concerns- Both Sexes
 Sexually transmitted diseases

____________________________________


Yeast infection characterized by leukorrhea
Chancroid: bacterial, papules that ulcerate
147010005
11

Genital herpes: viral, blisters on skin

Genital __________________________________: viral

Giardiasis: protozoan

_______________________________: bacterial

Hepatitis: viral

Lymphogranuloma: bacterium, most common in US, genital ulcers and flu like
symptoms

_______________________________: animal, itchy rash, 2-4 months after contact

_________________________________: bacterium, chancres initially can
continue with episodes for years can cause death

_________________________________________: protozoan, usually
asymptomatic but may cause a foul smelling discharge and/or itching
Sexual Intercourse
 Male

__________________________________

Erection – parasympathetic stimulation

Secretion by bulbourethral glands

__________________________________ – sympathetic stimulation

__________________________________


___________________________________


Contraction of the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles
Increase in heart rate and blood pressure
___________________________________ ; (
Sexual Intercourse (continued)
 Female


______________________________________ – parasympathetic stimulation

Erection of erectile tissues of clitoris

Increased secretion of vestibular and cervical glands
_____________________________ of uterine and vaginal walls
147010005
12


Contraction of the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles
_________________________________

Increase in heart rate and blood pressure
Aging and the Reproductive System - Female
 Menopause and hot flashes
 Circulating levels of estrogen and progesterone ____________________________
 _________________________________ in size of uterus and breasts
 Thinning of urethral and vaginal walls
 Increased risk

__________________________________

__________________________________ effects

Anxiety

Depression
Aging and the Reproductive System - Male
 Male Climacteric

Lower levels of circulating Testosterone between ages of __________________

Increase levels of _______________________________
 Increase risk of many cancers
147010005
13
Human Development: Embryology, Fetal
Development and Parturition
Objectives:
1. Explain the relationship between differentiation and development, and specify the
various stages of development.
2. Describe the process of fertilization, and explain how developmental processes
are regulated.
3. List the three stages of prenatal development, and describe the major events of
each.
4. Explain how the three germ layers participate in the formation of extraembryonic
membranes, and discuss the importance of the placenta as an endocrine organ.
EMBRYOLOGY
Fertilization to _________ Weeks of Gestation
The Development of Organ Systems
Oocyte at Ovulation
 Metaphase of Meiosis II
 Corona ____________________________________
 Zona _______________________________________
 Oocyte Activation

Fusion of membranes

Depolarization (Na+)

_________________________
_____________________________ (Ca2+)

Hardens zona pellucida preventing polyspermy

Completion of meiosis II

Increase in cell’s metabolic rate
First Trimester
 ______________________________________
147010005
14
 _____________________________________
 _____________________________________
 Embryogenesis
Formation of _________________________
Implantation
 _________________________
differentiation
 Developing
________________________
and lacunae
 Formation of the early
amniotic cavity
Placentation - Formation of the Extraembryonic Membranes
 Yolk sac
 Amnion
 Allantois
 Chorion
 Placental hormones

_____________________________ _______________________
_________________________________

Placental Lactogen

Relaxin

Progesterones and Estrogens
147010005
15
Placenta and _______________________________ ____________________________
Embryogenesis
 ____________________________________
 ____________________________________
 Organogenesis
The Two-Layered Embryo
 ________________________ ________________________ ___________________

Divides into two sheets of cells: epiblast and hypoblast
 Amnion

Extension of the epiblast
 Yolk sac

Extension of the hypoblast
____________________________________
- Formation of Three Germ Layers
 Epiblast cells invaginate at primitive streak
 Invaginating cells form endoderm and
mesoderm
 Epiblast becomes ectoderm
Derivatives of the Germ Layers
 _______________________________________

Nervous tissue

Integument (skin)
 _______________________________________

Muscle

Connective tissue

Urogenital organs
147010005
16
 _______________________________________

Epithelium of GI tract

Derivatives of GI tract
__________________________________________
 Notochord stimulates overlying
ectoderm to form spinal cord &
brain
 Neural plate  Neural groove
Neural tube
 Notochord becomes nucleus
pulposus of intervertebral discs
The Body Takes Shape
 Sides of embryo fold medially
 Head and tail regions fold ventrally
 Embryo lifts off yolk sac
DAY 28: External and Sagittal View
Fetal Period – 2nd and 3rd Trimesters

Maturation

___________________________________ ______________________________

Premature birth:

Occurs before week _______________________

Infants born as early as week 30 can survive without lifesaving measures

Infants can survive as early as week 22

Maternal ___________________________ rates and tidal volume increase

Maternal blood ______________________________ increases up to 50%

Maternal requirements increase 10-30 percent
147010005
17

GFR increases 50%

Uterus size increase

Preparation of mammary tissue
Birth Defects
 1 in 33 babies born with a serious, structural birth defect
 does not include low birth weight, prematurity, retardation, or
developmental disabilities
Principles of _________________________________________
 ______________________________________ (critical period during gestation)
 _______________________________________ (amount of chemical or radiation to
which the embryo is exposed)
Placenta once thought to be impenetrable.
Thalidomide
 Several million tablets sold in Germany
 Anti-nausea agent
 10,000 birth defects
 FDA prevented U.S. tragedy

Amelia, phocomelia
 Inhibits vessel development
 Currently being studied for treatment of AIDS, cancer, leprosy
Alcohol
 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Growth retardation

Heart defects

Leading cause of mental retardation
 One of few preventable birth defects
147010005
18
 Single binge may be teratogenic
FAS – Brain Comparison
Accutane
 Treatment for severe acne
 Doubles risk for miscarriage
 25% chance of major birth defect
 Mental retardation
 Craniofacial abnormalities
Bilateral Cleft Lip\Palate
147010005
19
Stages of Labor
 ____________________________________________

Latent phase


Up to __________________________________ cm dilation
Active phase

________________________________________ cm dilation

Usually presented to hospital



Fetal heart monitoring

Bradycardia - less than 120 beats/minute

Tachycardia - more than 160 beats/minute
Dysfunctional (arrest of) labor – after 2 hours of no progress
Transition phase

__________________________________________ cm dilation
 _____________________________________________
147010005
20
 _____________________________________________
 Sometimes termed a 4th stage - Stabilization of mother
Development (Continued)
 ________________________________________________

Birth to 1 month
 _________________________________________________

Up to age 2
 _________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________

Begins at puberty
 _________________________________________________
 _________________________________________________
147010005
21