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Transcript
Electric Circuits • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Series Circuits Only ________________ for circuit current _________________ is the same in all parts of circuit Sum of _______________________ across circuit elements equals source emf Total circuit resistance equals ______________ of separate resistances Parallel Circuits __________________________ conducting path for circuit current Two or more components connected across two ______________________ in circuit Currents in parallel branches vary __________________ with branch resistance; Total current = ____________________________________________ Voltage drop is always _________________ across parallel branches Parallel resistances add following ________________________: 1 1 1 1 reciprocal of total resistance equals sum of reciprocals of RT R1 R2 R3 individual resistances For two parallel resistances the equation can be simplified: RT RR11RR22 Circuit Networks Combination of ___________________________________ To analyze, first find total resistance (RT), then ___________________________ To simplify resistance networks, replace several resistances with one ______________ resistance (Req) Start with __________________ resistances and combine Then collapse __________________________ into one equivalent resistance Combine ___________________ resistances created by previous step Continue until only one __________________________ resistance remains Kirchhoff’s Rules 1. Algebraic sum of currents at any circuit junction equals zero Total current flowing into a junction equal sum of currents leaving the junction; ___________________________________________ 2. Algebraic sum of all voltage drops around a circuit loop equals zero In a closed path around a circuit, voltage loss due to circuit elements equals voltage gain produced by battery or other source of emf; ________________________________________________________________ Overload Protection Homes have 120 volt lines from power company Home circuits are connected in parallel Each parallel branch _______________ total resistance, increasing _______________ in supply lines • • Lines can become __________________ causing heating and fire danger Circuits protected by ______________ or ______________________ which open circuit if current rises beyond certain value • Protect against ______________________ where bare wires touch together • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Battery Cells Wet cells: use _____________________ - car battery Dry cells: use paste ____________________ - flashlight batteries Primary cells: replaced when __________________ are used up Storage cells: easily __________________ Fuel cells: New ____________________ added as needed Combinations of Cells Battery is combination of cells connected in series, parallel, or combination of both Cells in series: cells connected + to -, as in a flashlight Battery emf = __________ of cell emf’s; Battery current = current of ________________, ___________________ throughout Cells in ______________: neg. terminals all connected together and pos. terminals all connected together Battery emf = emf of _____________ Total current drawn by circuit is ______________________ among the cells; Electrical Measurements Voltmeter must be placed in ________________ with circuit element whose voltage drop is being measured Ammeter must be placed in ________________ so that all circuit current flows through ammeter. Never connect the ammeter in parallel like the voltmeter Measuring Resistance Resistance can be measured using a ______________ and ______________________ and calculating resistance using Ohm’s Law Some error is introduced by the ___________________ ____________________ uses this method __________________________ gives more precise measurement