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Unit Title: Effects of the First World War CA Standard(s) covered: Review 10.1 – 10.5 and cover 10.6. Students analyze the effects of the First World War. Approximate completion date Assignments that are designated Class work on the Assignment Outline are due the day they are posted Assignments that are designated Homework on the Assignment Outline are due the following day they are posted. Any assignment turned in after Five days from when it was posted, will be considered late and will not be graded Assignments with a Specific Deadline are due on that specific date. Each day that it is late will have a 10 to 20% deduction of possible points Assignment Title Assignment Type Standards Review Worksheet Russian Rulers Chart Graphic Organizer The Path to Revolution Supplemental Reading Russia- 1905-1920 Supplemental Reading Russian Revolution Cartoon Timeline Graphic Organizer The 1917 Russian Revolution Supplemental Reading European Geography Map Geography Review and Quiz Data Chart WWI Data Crunching Early 20th Century Nationalism Chart Graphic Organizer Depression in Germany Primary Source Unit Assessment Multiple Choice Assessment ESLR Collaborators and Communicators Collaborators and Communicators Collaborators and Communicators Collaborators and Communicators Creators and Innovators National ELA Reading/Writing Standard Specific Deadline Assignment Alternative R3, W2 R1, W1 and W 4 R1, W1 and W 4 R2, R3 and W2 Collaborators and Communicators Collaborators and Communicators R1, W1 and W 4 Critical Thinkers and Problem Solvers Collaborators and Communicators R7, W2 Collaborators and Communicators Collaborators and Communicators R2, W4 R2, R3, W2, W4 WWI Effects Map Create a map of Europe that has labels that explain the political, economic and human costs of WWI Unit Terms to know Unit People and Events to know Essential Questions to know Balfour Declaration League of Nations Lost Generation Pan-Africanism Pan-Arabism Reparations Self-determination Disarmament Woodrow Wilson George Clemenceau David Lloyd George Nicholas II Rasputin Alexander Kerensky Leon Trotsky Joseph Stalin What were the major agreements of the Treaty of Versailles? How did WWI affect the Ottoman Empire, the AustroHungarian Empire, and European colonies world-wide? What were the political, economic and social conditions of Europe after WWI? Vanguard Versailles Treaty Good Neighbor Policy Long March Ultranationalist Boycott Civil disobedience Porfiro Diaz Mustafa Kemal Monhandas Gandhi Salt March Sun Yixian Mao Zedong Long March In what ways did the authors and artists of the “Lost Generation” react to post-WWI Europe? How were the political, economic and social conditions of the United States different than Europe after WWI? What attempts were made after WWI to maintain world peace? WORLD HISTORY, CULTURE, AND GEOGRAPHY: THE MODERN WORLD Development of Western Political Thought Name: _____________________ Period: ____________________ Date: _____________________ (Note- Describe- Answer using who, what, where, why and how in your answer) 1. What are the similarities and differences between Judeo-Christian and Greco-Roman views? a. law: b. faith: c. duties of individuals: 2. According to Aristotle and Plato, what is the rule of law? 3. For the same two philosophers, why is the rule of tyrants illegal? 4. What influence might the United States Constitution have on political systems in the world today? 5. For each Enlightenment philosopher/leader explain their major idea (s) and how it influenced the development of democracy. Philosopher Idea Effect John Locke: Charles-Louis Montesquieu Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Simón Bolívar: Thomas Jefferson: James Madison: 6. What were the principles of the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights (1689)? 7. What were the principles of the American Declaration of Independence (1776)? 8. What were the principles of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789)? 9. What were the principles of the U.S. Bill of Rights (1791)? 10. How did the ideas of American Revolution spread to other parts of the world? 11. How did the French Revolution led France to develop from constitutional monarchy? 12. What is democratic despotism? 13. How did democratic despotism led to the Napoleonic empire? 14. Why did nationalism spread across Europe with Napoleon. 15. How was the spread of nationalism repressed for a generation under the Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe? The French Revolution Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following were members of the First Estate? a. Clergy b. Nobles c. Commoners 2. Which of the following were members of the Second Estate? a. Clergy b. Nobles c. Commoners 3. Which of the following were members of the Third Estate? a. Clergy b. Nobles c. Commoners 4. Which of the following held high positions in the upper clergy? a. Clergy b. Nobles c. Commoners 5. They owned 10% of the Land under the Estate System a. Clergy b. Nobles, c. Commoners 6. They made up 98% of the population a. Clergy b. Nobles c. Commoners 7. They made up 1% of the population and had 20% of the land a. Clergy b. Nobles. c. Commoners 8. He ruled France by what he believed was “Divine Right” a. Robespierre b. Lafayette c. Louis XVI 9. He was a military hero in both the French Revolution and the American Revolution a. Robespierre b. Lafayette c. Louis XVI 10. He was responsible for the “Reign of Terror” a. Robespierre b. Lafayette c. Louis XVI 11. He was the head of the Committee of Public Safety a. Robespierre b. Lafayette c. Louis XVI 12. Members of the Third Estate came to the decision to create a constitution here. a. The Bastille b. Tennis Court Oath c. March on Versailles 13. Many members of the Third Estate were impressed with the American. . . a. constitution b. Enlightenment c. Declaration of Independence 14. What happened during the Reign of Terror? 15. Describe what happened at the Women’s March on Versailles 16. Describe what happened at the Storming of the Bastille 17. How did Napoleon take over the government of France? 18. What caused the French Revolution in 1789? The Industrial Revolution 1. What were the five reasons why England was the first country to industrialize, and what was its effect? Reason Effect 1 2 3 4 5 2. List four scientific advancements of the Industrial Revolution and their effects 1 2 3 4 3. What did the following individuals invent and what was the inventions purpose? Inventor Invention Purpose James Watt Eli Whitney Henry Bessemer Louis Pasteur Thomas Edison 4. Why did large numbers of people move from rural areas to urban centers? 5. What natural resources were needed for a country to industrialize? 6. Define the following Utopia Social Democracy Socialism Communism 7. What factors caused population growth during the Industrial Revolution? 8. How did the Industrial Revolution influence/change the following groups and ideas Slavery Immigration Manufacturing Women and Child Labor 9. How was Romanticism in art and music an attempt to escape the Industrial Revolution? Imperialism 1. Imperialism and colonialism provided nations with many advantages. Describe the advantage for each idea: A. Economics B. National Security C. Strategic Advantage 2. How did the following ideas play a part in Imperialism? Nationalism Social Darwinism The spread of religion The Need for Resources The Need for Land Technology 3. Describe the different types of colonial rule and the nations that used them Type of colonial rule Nations that used it Where it was used A. B. C. D. 4. How did Imperialist nations “westernize” the countries they conquered? 5. What were the long term effects of the “westernization” on conquered countries? 6. How did the following countries struggle for their independence? A. Ethiopia B. South Africa C. China D. India 7. Identify the roles of the following individuals had in fighting against Imperialism A. Ram Mohun Roy B. Sun Yixian C. King Menelik II D. Father Miguel Hidalgo World War I 1. What were the causes of WWI? A B C D 2. How did the Pan-Slavic and Serbian Independence movement contribute to WWI? 3. How did technology change the nature of fighting in WWI? 4. How was propaganda and nationalism used to mobilize the civilian populations? 5. How did the colonial peoples contribute to the war effort? 6. How did WWI become a “total war”? 7. Identify the importance of the following battles: A. The Marne B. Verdun C. Somme D. Gallipoli 8. Briefly describe the treatment of the Armenian people by the Ottoman government? 9. How did the Russian Revolution affect the war? 10. How did the entry of the U.S. affect the war? 11. What were the reasons that prompted the US entry into WWI? 12. What was the purpose of Woodrow Wilson’s 14 point plan? 13. What was the purpose of the League of Nations and why did it fail? 14. Why did the civilian population become disillusioned with their governments after the war? 15. How did the art and literature after WWI show the disillusionment of the general population? 16. How did the Versailles treaty punish the aggressor nations for WWI? 17. What were the long term effects of WWI on Europe and the rest of the world? CA-10.6 CC-R3, W2 Ruler Peter the Great Alexander I Nicholas I Alexander II Alexander III Nicholas II Russian Rulers Changes to Russia People’s Reaction to Changes Point Value____ CA-10.6 CC- R1, W1 and W 4 The Path to Revolution Point Value_____ Since the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the Russian Tsars had followed a fairly consistent policy of drawing more political power away from the nobility and into their own hands. This centralization of authority in the Russian state had usually been accomplished in one of two ways--either by simply taking power from the nobles and braving their opposition, or by compensating the nobles for decreased power in government by giving them greater power over their land and its occupants. Serfdom had increased steadily in Russia from the time of Ivan the Terrible, its inventor. By the time of Catherine the Great, the Russian Tsars enjoyed virtually autocratic rule over their nobles. However, they had in a sense purchased this power by granting those nobles virtually autocratic power over the serfs, who by this time had been reduced to a state closer to slavery than to peasantry. By the nineteenth century, both of these relationships were under attack. In the December revolt of 1825, a group of military officers attempted to force the adoption of a constitutional monarchy in Russia by preventing the accession of Nicholas I. They failed utterly, and Nicholas became the most reactionary leader in Europe. Nicholas' successor, Alexander II, was a reforming ruler. In 1861, he abolished serfdom, though the emancipation didn't in fact bring on any significant change in the condition of the peasants. As the country became more industrialized, its political system experienced even greater strain. Attempts by the lower classes to gain more freedom provoked fears of anarchy, and the government remained extremely conservative. As Russia became more industrialized, larger, and far more complicated, the autocratic rule of the Czars started to break down. By the twentieth century conditions were ripe for a serious convulsion. At the same time, Russia had expanded its territory and its power considerably over the nineteenth century. Its borders extended to Afghanistan and China, and it had acquired extensive territory on the Pacific coast. The foundation of the port cities of Vladivostok and Port Arthur there had opened up profitable avenues for commerce, and the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway linked the European Russia with its new eastern territories. In 1894 Nicholas II acceded to the throne. He was not the most competent of political leaders, and his ministers were almost uniformly reactionaries. To make matters worse, the increasing Russian presence in the far east provoked the hostility of Japan. In January of 1905, the Japanese attacked, and Russia experienced a series of defeats that dissolved the tenuous support held by Nicholas' already unpopular government. Nicholas was forced to grant concessions to the reformers, including most notably a constitution and a parliament, or Duma. The power of the reform movement was founded on a new and powerful force entered Russian politics. The industrialization of the major western cities and the development of the Batu oil fields had brought together large concentrations of Russian workers, and they soon began to organize into local political councils, or soviets. It was in large part the power of the soviets, united under the Social Democratic party, that had forced Nicholas to accept reforms in 1905. 1. How had the Tsars slowly taken power from the Russian Nobles ? 2. What territories did Russia claim in the last part of the 19th century and the first part of the 20th century ? 3. What were the national problems that Nicholas II faced in 1905 ? 4. What was the Duma ? 5. What was the name of the local political councils created by the workers ? CA-10.6 CC- R1, W1 and W 4 Russia 1905-1920 Point Value_____ After the war with Japan was brought to a close, Nicholas attempted to reverse the new freedoms, and his government became more reactionary than ever. Popular discontent gained strength, and Nicholas countered it with increased repression, maintaining control but worsening relations with the population. In 1912, the Social Democrats split into two camps--the radical Bolsheviks and the comparatively moderate Menshiviks. In 1914, another disastrous war once again brought on a crisis. If the Russo-Japanese war had been costly and unpopular, it was at least remote. The First World War, however, took place right on Russia's western doorstep. Unprepared militarily or industrially, the country suffered demoralizing defeats, suffered severe food shortages, and soon suffered an economic collapse. By February of 1917, the workers and soldiers had had enough. Riots broke out in St. Petersburg, then called Petrograd, and the garrison there mutinied. Workers soviets were set up, and the Duma approved the establishment of a Provisional Government to attempt to restore order in the capital. It was soon clear that Nicholas possessed no support, and on March 2 he abdicated the throne in favor of his brother Michael. No fool, Michael renounced his claim the next day. The Provisional Government set up by the Duma attempted to pursue a moderate policy, calling for a return to order and promising reform of worker's rights. However, it was unwilling to endorse the most pressing demand of the soviets--an immediate end to the war. For the next 9 months, the Provisional Government, first under Prince Lvov and then under Alexandr Kerensky, unsuccessfully attempted to establish its authority. In the meanwhile, the Bolsheviks gained increasing support from the ever more frustrated soviets. On October 25, led by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, they stormed the Winter Palace and deposed the Kerensky government. Although the Bolsheviks enjoyed substantial support in St. Petersburg and Moscow, they were by no means in control of the country as a whole. They succeeded in taking Russia out of the war, but within months civil war broke out throughout Russia. For the next three years the country was devastated by civil strife, until by 1920 the Bolsheviks had finally emerged victorious. 1. What were the two groups in the Social Democratic party ? 2. What political, social and economic problems did Nicholas face in 1917 ? 3. Why was the Provisional Government not successful ? 4. Why were the Bolsheviks not entirely successful in taking control of Russia ? CA-10.6 CC- R1, W1 and W 4 The 1917 Russian Revolution Point Value_____ In 1917 Russia went through two revolutions: February 24 - 29 and October 24 - 25. The first revolution overthrew the tsarist government of Nicholas II and replaced it with a Provisional Government of Duma members led by Alexander Kerensky, who allowed a Contact Commission of the Petrograd Soviet to advise the government. Protests and strikes against the new government quickly grew as Russia's involvement in World War I lingered on, and the Provisional Government responded by establishing a Coalition Government with the Petrograd Soviet. This Dual Power however, created a confused bureaucratic quagmire, leading the government to inaction on urgent issues such as the widespread famine and slaughter on the front. On October 24 – 25 1917 the Bolshevik party under the direction of Lenin led Russian workers and peasants to revolution, under the slogan of: "All power to the Soviets". On October 25 - 26, the Second All-Russia Congress of Soviets met and created the Soviet Government through the elections of a new Council of People's Commissars and Central Executive Committee. The new government resolved to begin construction on a Socialist society, but soon encountered extreme obstacles: while attempting to come to peace with all warring nations, only Germany agreed to peace. When World War I ended, fresh off the battlefields of the Western front, the Entente powers (US, UK, France, Japan) invaded Russia from all directions, assisted by tsarist generals and provisional government politicians. A four year Civil War between the Whites and the Reds ravaged the country with catastrophic famine and casualties, forcing the government to adopt War Communism in order to survive. One primary function of War Communism was the requisition of grain from the peasantry, in order to feed the starving urban population. The agricultural production in Russia declined since the outset of the First World War, and those who had food, hoarded it. Major agricultural regions were occupied by the white armies during the Civil War, intensifying the food problem further. At the same time, Russian industry was completely dedicated to defending the country; the urban workers were building little that the peasantry could use. As a result, many peasants refused to sell their produce to the cities. The confiscations of grain for the urban workers created discontent among many peasants, who resented having grain taken away when nothing could be given in return. By the end of the war, a devastated Russia began to slowly rebuild with such programs as the NEP. On January 24th, 1924, Lenin died. With Lenin's death, the direction and practices of the Soviet government drastically changed. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Why did the Provisional Government of Kerensky fail ? What was the slogan of the Bolsheviks ? What nations attempted to aid the Czar’s forces against the Communists ? What was War Communism, and why did it make Russian Peasants unhappy ? What problems did the Soviets have during the Civil War ? CC- R2, R3 W2 Cartoon Timeline Point Value _____ Step One: Choose six events from the time period being studied. Step Two: List those events in chronological (time) order. Step Three: Fold a piece of paper into six equal squares Step Four: In each square, write a title for each event (Name of the Event, Day, Month, Year) Step Five: For each square create a picture that will represent the event. You can use symbols, cut outs, or your own graphics for your picture NO STICK FIGURES Step Six: Under each picture, write the importance of the event, at least once sentence. Event Title Event Importance Description World Geography– Europe 1. Austria 2. Belgium 3. Czech Republic 4. Denmark 5. Estonia 6. Finland 7. France 8. Germany 9. Greece 10. Hungary 11. Iceland 12. Ireland 13. Italy 14. Latvia 15. Lithuania Find and label the following countries with their capitals 16. Luxembourg 17. Netherlands 18. Norway 19. Poland 20. Portugal 21. Romania 22. Russia 23. Serbia 24. Slovakia 25. Spain 26. Sweden 27. Switzerland 28. Turkey 29. Ukraine 30. United Kingdom CA-10.6 CC-R7, W2, W4 WWI Data Crunching Point Value_____ Get those calculators warmed up! Answer in complete sentences ON YOUR OWN PAPER!!! 1. Use the provided graph paper to make a bar graph of each country’s war dead. 2. Which Central Powers had the most people die in the war? Which Allied powers country had the most people die? 3. How much money did the war cost France? Germany? USA? 4. Which country spent the most money and had the most deaths? Which country had high deaths and not too much money lost? (1920 Debt- 1913 Debt) = Money spent on the war. 5. The war lasted 1576 days. How many people died (both sides) in this time? How many (both sides) died per day? Per Hour? Per minute? 6. For each of France, Britain, USA, German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Serbia & Russia, what percentage of the population was mobilized (trained and sent to war)? (# Mobilized / Total Population)x 100 = Percent Mobilized 7. For each of the countries from question #6, graph the casualties on the back of the graph paper. Casualties = (Dead + Wounded + Prisoner) 8. For each of the countries from question #6, what percentage of the men mobilized were casualties? (Casualties / # Mobilized x 100 = Percent Casualties 9. Why did the USA have so few dead? Why do you think they spent so much money? 10. How do you think having such a high casualty rate would change the countries that participated in WWI? Explain your answer. 11. France and Great Britain were both in the war for the same amount of time. Why did France lose so much money? Explain. 12. Why do you think Britain and France wanted the Treaty of Versailles to be so harsh on Germany? Allied Powers Country British Empire USA France Italy Belgium Serbia Montenegro Romania Greece Portugal Russia Japan Total Population # Mobilized 440,000,000 8,654,280 Dead (D) 98,800,000 39,840,000 39,840,000 7,645,000 3,094,000 437,000 7,508,000 4,820,000 6,100,000 178,379,000 54,000,000 4,165,483 7,500,000 5,615,000 267,000 707,343 50,000 750,000 230,000 100,000 12,000,000 800,000 Prisoners (P) 279,357 1913 Debt 1920 Debt 873,980 Wounded (W) 2,525,927 3,485,000,000 39,218,000,000 123,547 1,385,300 496,921 20,000 322,000 3,000 200,000 15,000 4,000 1,700,000 300 231,722 3,000,000 949,756 60,000 28,000 10,000 120,000 40,000 15,000 4,950,000 907 4,994 446,300 485,458 10,000 100,000 7,000 80,000 45,000 200 2,500,000 3 1,028,000,000 6,346,000,000 2,921,000,000 825,000,000 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4,537,000,000 N/A 24,974,000,000 46,000,000,000 18,102,000,000 4,000,000,000 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 25,000,000,000 N/A 876,623,000 40,839,106 5,144,046 11,931,132 3,958,312 19,142,000,000 157,294,000,000 Central Powers German Empire AustriaHungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria 66,166,000 11,000,000 1,718,246 4,350,122 1,073,620 5,048,000,000 53,052,000,000 61,039,000 6,500,000 800,000 3,200,000 1,211,000 3,883,000,000 21,700,000,000 21,274,000 1,600,000 300,000 570,000 130,000 N/A N/A 4,400,000 400,000 201,224 152,399 10,825 135,000,000 2,158,000,000 Total 152,879,000 19,500,000 3,019,470 8,272,521 Casualties = Dead + Wounded + Prisoners 2,425,445 9,066,000,000 76,910,000,000 War Cost = Postwar Debt – Prewar Debt CA-10.6 Early 20th Century Nationalism Point Value____ CC- R2, R3, W2, W4 Region of Study: What were the political, economic and By the 1930’s how had political, economic and social conditions of the area before WWI? social conditions changed in the area? Identify two leaders who were involved in the nationalist struggle in this region and list two events or ideas that made them influential. o o o o For one of the two leaders that you identified create a baseball style “trading card” 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Side 1: Name and Large Picture/Symbol of the Person Side 2: Information a. Who was he/she/they? (Life Information) b. What was their claim to fame? c. What group(s) did they belong to d. What did they want? e. What level of success did they have? Creativity counts. Color is a must. High Quality (spelling, grammar, neatness) Extreme Effort CA-10.6 CC- R2, R3, W2, W4 Early 20th Century Nationalism Region of Study: What were the political, economic and social conditions of the area before WWI? Point Value____ By the 1930’s how had political, economic and social conditions changed in the area? Identify two leaders who were involved in the nationalist struggle in this region and list two events or ideas that made them influential. o o o o For one of the two leaders that you identified create a baseball style “trading card” 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Side 1: Name and Large Picture/Symbol of the Person Side 2: Information a. Who was he/she/they? (Life Information) b. What was their claim to fame? c. What group(s) did they belong to d. What did they want? e. What level of success did they have? Creativity counts. Color is a must. High Quality (spelling, grammar, neatness) Extreme Effort CA-10.6 CC- R2, R3, W2, W4 Early 20th Century Nationalism Region of Study: What were the political, economic and social conditions of the area before WWI? Point Value____ By the 1930’s how had political, economic and social conditions changed in the area? Identify two leaders who were involved in the nationalist struggle in this region and list two events or ideas that made them influential. o o o o For one of the two leaders that you identified create a baseball style “trading card” 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Side 1: Name and Large Picture/Symbol of the Person Side 2: Information a. Who was he/she/they? (Life Information) b. What was their claim to fame? c. What group(s) did they belong to d. What did they want? e. What level of success did they have? Creativity counts. Color is a must. High Quality (spelling, grammar, neatness) Extreme Effort CA-10.6 Early 20th Century Nationalism Point Value____ CC- R2, R3, W2, W4 Region of Study: What were the political, economic and By the 1930’s how had political, economic and social social conditions of the area before conditions changed in the area? WWI? Identify two leaders who were involved in the nationalist struggle in this region and list two events or ideas that made them influential. o o o o For one of the two leaders that you identified create a baseball style “trading card” 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Side 1: Name and Large Picture/Symbol of the Person Side 2: Information a. Who was he/she/they? (Life Information) b. What was their claim to fame? c. What group(s) did they belong to d. What did they want? e. What level of success did they have? Creativity counts. Color is a must. High Quality (spelling, grammar, neatness) Extreme Effort CA-10.6 CC- R2, W4 Depression in Germany Point Value_____ Note: The German form of money is called the Mark NIKOLAUSBERG, GERMANY, FEBRUARY 13, 1922 DEAR BROTHER KARL! Your letter from January 2, 1920, is the second answer we got. I am writing for me and my wife in better health now. Dear Brother Karl, we're all still here. My son August is also fine, was married, but he doesn't live by me. And my first daughter lives by here with 4 children and her husband is dead. My second daughter lives in Hannover, she has 2 children. And I live with my wife and one child alone. I have one small field/house clear, 1 horse, 2 cows, 1 bull and 4 pigs. Dear Brother Karl, our brother Heinrich hasn't been here for quite some time, he's doing well. His son-in-law Heinrich Teuteberg and youngest son Karl fell in the war, but otherwise he is doing fine. Dear Brother, we are still doing quite well, but we can't pay taxes because we have to pay 4000 mark yearly. We can't buy coffee beans and clothing or shoes...shoes cost 400-5-- mark and we can't afford that. Dear Brother Karl, I read every day in the paper that American brothers and relatives send things to Germans. Dear Brother, I have always waited for you to come, but I think that together no more see. Dear Brother Karl, if you should not come, would you please send if you could $100. When our money is worth something again you could get it back. Dear Brother, if I had heard from you I could have come earlier, because here there is nothing more to have. Dear Brother, should you my wish fulfill then please write back or let me know that you're coming. Most of all I would like to see you, to be together again once more. If I weren't so old, I'd still like to come to visit you Dear Brother. Greetings to you and wife and children from me and wife and daughter. My address is Hause #50 Nikolausberg by Goettingen 1. What types of items does the author think as valuable ? 2. How much are his taxes for a year ? 3. When does Nikolaus think he can repay his brother back the $100 ? 4. With the items he owns, is there anything Nikolaus can do to gain more money ? 5. In the 1920's German money was virtually worthless, if a politician promised to rebuild Germany, give people jobs, and make the country strong again, how would the German people respond ?