Download Chapter 31 FUNGI

Chapter 30 Seed Plants
(Gymnosperms/Angiosperms)
1. Gymnosperms have pollen; thus they are not like
ferns.
2. In seed plants, the sporangia (sporophyte
structure) provide water and nutrition for the
unfertilized and immature gametophytes.
3. The gametophytes of land plants are completely
enclosed within sporophyte tissue – helps them to
be successful on land.
4. Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, this is
the sequence of development. Megaspore –
Female gametophyte – Egg Cell – Sporophyte
Embryo.
5. Sporophyte stains blue. Gametophyte stains red.
Pollen grain exposed to both stains – should see
red inside and blue along exterior.
6. Heterospory provides the existence of male and
female gametophytes.
7. Chloroplasts are NOT important in the cells of the
gametophytes of gymno- and angiosperms.
8. Seed coat is used for desiccation resistance.
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9. Unique to only seed-producing plants are seeds
and pollen (male gametophyte).
10.Draw generalized life cycle for land plants.
7 = Mature gametophyte
11 = Embryo
4 = Meiosis
5, 7, 9 = Haploid cell/tissue
10. The sporopollenin in seed plants is a part of the
pollen grains; it is most similar to a seed coat.
11. Pine trees disperse offspring via windblown
seeds. Conifer pollen grains have male
gametophytes. Needle-like shaped needles are an
adaption for arid environments, but they are
found in taiga also due to frozen soil.
12. Male pine tree structure from biggest to smallest.
Sporophyte – Pollen Cone – Microsporangia –
Microspores – Pollen nuclei
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13. Modern gymnosperms and angiosperms have
pollen transported by wind, lignified xylem, and
microscopic gametophytes (both have ovules).
14. All angiosperms have double internal
fertilization; they are flowering plants and the
flower includes sporophyte tissue. Gametophytes
have pollen tubes. Monocots (phylum
Anthophyta) versus dicots.
15. Seeds of angiosperms can be dispersed via fruiteating animals or by other means. What
adaptations could help? Seed coat withstand low
pH and resistant to digestive enzymes.
16. Animal feature
Angiosperm
Yolk/Albumen of egg
Endosperm *
* Tiny seeds with little to no endosperm must germinate
soon when released from the ovary (Orchid seeds)
Shell of egg
Integuments
Internal fertilization
Pollen tube &
sperm nuclei
Dispersal/nurture young
Fruit
17. Wind pollination is most common amongst seed
plants growing in dense, single-species stands.
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18. Cycads are unique gymnosperms because they
have flagellated sperm and are pollinated by
animals (usually only angiosperms).
19. Stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone
scales are modified leaves. Carpels and stamens
are known as modified sporophylls. Carpels
surround and nourish female gametophyte.
20. Structure
Sex/Generation
Egg cell in embryo sac
Female gametophyte
Fruit
Female sporophyte
Pollen tube
Male gametophyte
Megasporangium
of pine ovules
Female sporophyte
21. Human population growth is the greatest threat
to plant diversity.
22. Why preserve tropical forests? New crops, avoid
extinction, medicines, soil destruction.
23. Artificial selection is been important in the
improvement of plants used as staple foods.
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24. Angiosperms only have fruits enclosing seeds.
Ovary develops into fleshy fruit. Ovule develops
into a seed. Meiosis occurs in spore mother cell.
Fruits help angiosperms because they help
disperse the seeds.
Adaptation of fruit
Seed Dispersal
Fruit high in calories
Animal GI tract
Spines/Hooks
Animal skin, fur,
feathers
Air Bubble
Water current
Heavy, sphere
Gravity, terrain
Plumes
Air currents
25. Short bristles on abdomen of honeybees due to
evolutionary influence of insect-pollinated
flowering plants.
26. Phenolic secretions (poison oak) inhibit
herbivory.
27. Angiosperm (tip of growing pollen tube headed
towards egg).
Stigma – style – ovary – micropyle
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28. Those plants with brightly colored reproductive
parts likely produce nectar.
29. Onion cell sporophyte has 16 chromosomes in
each nucleus; thus an embryo nucleus would also
have 16.
30. Legumes (peas, beans, alfalfa, clover) – seeds in a
fruit called a legume or pod. Some ovules are
mature, others are not. Why? Pollen tubes did not
enter all ovules or fruit can still develop even when
ovules have not been fertilized.
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