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Part I Tribal Africa Government Economics Iron Weapons Nok used Iron for weapons and farming tools. Gold & Salt Gold and salt was traded to and from the Sahara desert and the coast of West Africa Tribal Council Oldest men who made laws and decisions with civilization. They also judged arguments Caliph Leaders of Islam after Muhammad Sheikh A chief who led a tribe Part II Merchants People who trade goods Science Astrolabe allowed sailors to navigate using the stars. Camel Animal used for travel across deserts Merchants People who trade goods Part III African Kingdoms King Monarchy; single ruler of a civilization War Canoes Battle canoes of the Songhay Storyteller and Folktales The oldest man was the storyteller and told stories to children and other people, passing down culture, history, and morals. Art: Carvings Experts in sculptures and carvings of metal, wood, ivory, and rock Geography Cartographers (mapmakers) created accurate maps Islam Culture Ceremonies with Music and Dance Celebrations in honor or ancestors and gods; involved music, dance, and masks Tariffs Charging a tax on goods coming and going through the civilization Merchants People who trade goods Salt Mineral traded for gold; used to keep food from rotting Supreme Spirit & Gods Believed to be responsible for all life; lesser gods lived in natural objects Art Geometric designs on buildings and in books Mathematics Developed algebra which helped with calculations; geometry increased as they used it with art Arabic and Calligraphy Language of Arabs; Calligraphy is artful writing Medicine Developed hospitals where doctors would learn and patients would be treated Islam: Quran, Mosque, Muslim Religion believing in one god (Allah) and having Muhammad as the profit; Muslims follow the Five Pillars of Islam Islam: Quran, Mosque, Muslim Religion believing in one god (Allah) and having Muhammad as the profit; Muslims follow the Five Pillars of Islam Education Muslims developed a university at Timbuktu Griot & Folktales Griots spread history, laws, religion, and customs of a civilization by word of mouth