Download Experiment FT1

Field Theory
EEL1176
FT1
Experiment FT1: Measurement of Dielectric Constant
Name: ___________________________
ID: _________________
1. Objective:
(i) To measure the dielectric constant of paper and plastic film.
(ii) To examine the energy storage capacity of a practical capacitor.
2. Apparatus/components:






DC power supply
Digital multimeter with capacitance measurement function
A4 papers and plastic films (transparency), 10 sheets each
Micrometer (to measure thickness of papers and plastic films)
Electrolytic capacitors, 50V 1000 F and 2200 F
Resistor, 10 k
3. Theory:
Capacitor, also known as an electrical condenser, is a device that can store electric charge or
energy. It can also be used in various types of circuit functions involving:
i) Oscillator (alternate charging and discharging of the capacitor);
ii) Blocking the flow of direct current;
iii) Filter (varying impedance with respect to frequency).
In its simplest form, a capacitor consists of two metallic plates (conductors) separated by
a non-conductive layer called the dielectric. The dielectric is a good insulator (incapable of
passing electrical current, but is capable of passing electrical flux).
When a voltage is applied across a capacitor, one plate becomes positively charged, the
other negatively charged, with the corresponding electric field directed from the positive to
the negative. The capacity of a capacitor is represented by its capacitance, the amount of
electric charge it can hold per volt, or C = Q / V.
The charge stored in a capacitor is given by
Q = CV
where
(1)
Q = quantity of electrical charge on one plate
C = capacitance of the capacitor
V = voltage drop across the capacitor
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Field Theory
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FT1
The capacitance of a capacitor is dependent on the size of the plates, the spacing between
them, and the kind of dielectric medium used as the insulator. For a parallel-plate
configuration, the relationship is expressed as follow:
C
 A 0 r A

d
d
(2)
where
C = Capacitance in farads, F
A = overlapping area of the plates in square meters, m2
d = separation distance between plates in meters, m
 = dielectric constant of the dielectric medium
o = free space dielectric constant (8.854 x 10 -12 F/m)
r = relative dielectric constant of the dielectric medium
The above equation indicates that the capacitance is directly proportional to the surface
area of the plates and the dielectric property of the dielectric medium. The capacitance is
inversely proportional to the spacing between the plates. For example, doubling the surface
area of the plates doubles the capacitance, and reducing the thickness of the dielectric by onehalf also doubles the capacitance of a capacitor. A capacitor can be formed with air (where r
= 1) as the insulator between the metal plates. When air space is replaced with a plastic film,
it would be found that the capacitance will increase. This increase in capacitance shows that
plastic has a higher dielectric constant than air.
If C is measured and plotted against 1/d, a straight line will be obtained, the slope of
which will be 0 r A . Knowing 0 and A, the value of r can be calculated.
When a battery is connected to the two metal plates, the capacitor will be charged up to
the voltage of the battery. When the battery is removed, the charges stored in the capacitor
will remain on the metal plates. Hence, the voltage across the capacitor will stay even though
the battery has been removed. This phenomenon shows that the capacitor is able to store
electric charge or energy. When a light bulb is connected to the capacitor terminals, it will
light up. The light intensity will decay as the capacitor discharges through the light bulb. The
charge quantity decreases as the capacitor release the stored energy to the light bulb.
Practical capacitors use thin dielectric media with high dielectric constant to reduce the
physical size of capacitor for the desired capacitance. The common types of dielectric media
include aluminum oxide (electrolytic capacitor), mica, glass, ceramic, and plastic films
(polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and polycarbonate).
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4. Procedure:
(i) Measurement of Dielectric Constant
1.
Measure the overlapping area of the parallel plates, A.
Plate 1
Overlapping
area, A
Plate 2
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A sheet of A4 size paper is to be inserted between the two plates. A fixed pressure is to
be applied between the two plates.
Measure the capacitance using a multimeter.
Repeat step 3 by progressively adding the number of papers between the two plates (up
to 10 sheets).
Using a micrometer, measure the thickness for 10 sheets of papers. Assuming the
thickness for every sheet is the same, calculate the thickness for 1 sheet of paper.
Plot the graph of C versus 1/d and determine the relative dielectric constant (εr) of the
paper.
Repeat steps 2 – 6 with plastic sheets.
(ii) Energy Storage Capacity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Set the voltage of the dc power supply to 12V.
Connect the negative terminal of the 1000-F electrolytic capacitor to the negative
terminal of the dc power supply. Connect the other terminal of the capacitor to the
positive terminal of the dc power supply.
Measure the voltage across the capacitor, V1.
Without switching off the dc power supply, remove the wire connected to the capacitor.
Measure the voltage across the capacitor, V2.
Connect a 10-k resistor to the terminals of the capacitor. Record the discharging time
or time duration for the capacitor voltage to decay to 1 volt.
Repeat steps 1 – 6 with the 2200-F electrolytic capacitor.
5. Precautions:


Make sure that the two plates are pressed well with a fixed weight placed flat on the
plates. This will avoid air gaps between various layers.
Make sure that the two plates are not shorted during the experiment.
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Field Theory
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FT1
6. Measurement Results:
(i) Dielectric Constants of Paper and Plastic
Overlapping Area of Parallel Plates, A = _______ m2
Thickness for 10 sheets of paper, tp10 = _________ mm
Thickness for 1 sheet of paper, tp = _________ mm
Table 1: Dielectric Constant of Paper
No. of Papers, n
d = n  tp (mm)
1/d (mm-1)
Capacitance (nF)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Thickness for 10 sheets of plastic film, tf10 = _________ mm
Thickness for 1 sheet of plastic film, tf = _________ mm
Table 2: Dielectric Constant of Plastic
No. of Plastic films, n
d = n  tf (mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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1/d (mm-1)
Capacitance (nF)
Field Theory
EEL1176
FT1
For paper, the gradient of the graph, ∆C/∆(1/d) = ________ nF-mm
The relative dielectric constant of paper, (r)paper = _________
For plastic, the gradient of the graph, ∆C/∆(1/d) = ________ nF-mm
The relative dielectric constant of plastic, (r)plastic = _________
Discussions:
1. Describe how we make sure the overlapping area of the parallel plates is consistent
throughout the experiment?
2. Propose a method to reduce the error in measuring the thickness of the paper /
plastic films.
3. Justify whether it is reasonable to assume the thickness for every sheet of paper /
plastic film is the same as far as the dielectric constant measurement method
concerned.
4. Is the graph of C versus (1/d) a perfect straight line? If not, analyze the causes of
this deviation.
5. Justify whether the measurement results are satisfactory.
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Field Theory
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(ii) Energy Storage Capacity
For 1000-F electrolytic capacitor:
Voltage with dc power supply connected, V1 = _________ V
Voltage with dc power supply disconnected, V2 = _________ V
Time-constant of discharging circuit,  = R  C = _______ s
Discharging Time, T = ________ s
For 2200-F electrolytic capacitor:
Voltage with dc power supply connected, V1 = _________ V
Voltage with dc power supply disconnected, V2 = _________ V
Time-constant of discharging circuit,  = R  C = _______ s
Discharging Time, T = ________ s
Discussions:
6. Describe how we make sure that the voltage is measured as accurately as possible.
7. Propose a method to reduce the error in measuring the discharging time.
8. Examine the relationship between the discharging time and the time-constant of
the discharging circuit.
9. Justify whether the measurement results are satisfactory.
10. If we assume the thickness of dielectric media in the electrolytic capacitors is 1
m, and the relative dielectric constant is 20, compute the required sizes for the
parallel plates. Compare these values with the actual size of the capacitors. Deduce
how the manufacturers manage to pack the parallel plates into the actual
volumetric dimensions of the capacitors?
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Field Theory
EEL1176
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7. LABORATORY REPORT
The report should contain the following:
(1) This lab sheet (covering the Objectives, List of instruments/components, Basic Theory,
and Tabulation of observed and computed data).
(2) Graphs of the measurement results
(3) Discussion, and
Please obtain signature from the
(4) Conclusion.
lecturer before you leave the lab:
Date :
IMPORTANT NOTES TO THE STUDENTS:
1. Read the lab sheet before attending the experiment session.
2. Bring along the necessary GRAPH PAPERS and calculator to the lab.
3. The completed laboratory report must be submitted to the laboratory technician AT THE
END OF THE EXPERIMENT SESSION.
4. Each student is required to submit an INDIVIDUAL REPORT.
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