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Zuhmdahl (7th) Chapters 19, 20, 21 *Study Guide and Lecture Notes* This is a “self-study” section, which we will follow up with plenty of reaction examples. You must read and outline each of the three chapters….shoot for a total of 10 sides of the page. Define any bold vocabulary terms and write out plenty of reaction examples. Use the examples below as practice. Precipitation Reaction Examples Solutions of calcium nitrate and sodium sulfate are mixed. Solutions of lead (II) nitrate and tri-potassium phosphate are mixed. Equal molar amounts of nitric acid and sodium hydroxide are mixed. Solutions of ammonia and carbonic acid are mixed. Solutions of hydrofluoric acid and potassium hydroxide are mixed. Dilute sulfuric acid is added to a solution of potassium fluoride. Excess hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of potassium sulfide. Sodium hydroxide solution is added to a solution of ammonium nitrate. Solutions of potassium hydroxide and ammonium chloride are mixed. Lewis Acid-Base Reaction Examples Triboron trifluoride and ammonia are mixed in flask. Carbon dioxide gas is bubbled through a potassium hydroxide solution. Sulfur trioxide gas is bubbled through a sodium hydroxide solution Solid calcium oxide is added to sulfur dioxide Nitrogen dioxide is passed over solid lithium oxide Solid potassium chlorate is heated in the presence of manganese dioxide catalyst. Solid calcium carbonate is heated A piece of solid potassium nitrate is heated. A piece of solid zinc is heated in chlorine gas. A piece of solid sodium is placed in hydrogen gas. Calcium metal is added to distilled water. Solid barium oxide is added to water. Solid lithium oxide is added to water. Solid dinitrogen pentoxide is added to water. Sulfur trioxide gas is bubbled through water. Organic/Combustion Reaction Examples Ethene is burned in air. Propanol is burned in oxygen Chlorine gas is bubbled through propene Methane gas is mixed with an excess of bromine gas. Complexation Reaction Examples Excess ammonia is added to a solution of silver nitrate A solution of potassium thiocyanate is added to a solution of iron (III) chloride. A nickel(II) chloride solution is added to a concentrated NaCN solution Excess sodium cyanide solution is added to a solution of silver nitrate. Generally, you place twice the numbers of ligands around the central ion as the charge on that central ion. This is not always correct, but it will do: Central Metal Ion Au+ Ag+ Pb2+ Cu+ Cu2+ Hg2+ Cd2+ Sn2+ Coordination number 2 or 4 2 4 2 or 4 4 4 4 4 or 6 Central Metal Ion Fe3+ Al3+ Zn2+ Cr3+ Co2+ Co3+ Ni2+ Mn2+ Coordination number 6 4 4 4 or 6 4 or 6 6 4 or 6 4 or 6 Redox Reaction Examples A solution of iron (II) nitrate is added to an acidified solution of potassium permanganate. Free chlorine is bubbled through a solution of sodium bromide. A strip of copper metal is added to a concentrated solution of sulfuric acid. Solutions of potassium iodide, potassium iodate, and dilute sulfuric acid are mixed. Zinc metal reacts with tin (II) sulfate. A piece of iron is added to a solution or iron (III) sulfate. Important Oxidizing Agents MnO4- in acid solution MnO2 in acid solution MnO4- in neutral/basic soln. Cr2O72- in acid solution Cr2O72- with a base CrO42- in basic solution HNO3, concentrated HNO3, dilute H2SO4, hot, concentrated Free halogens Na2O2 H2O2 HClO4 H2O Important Reducing Agents Mn2+ + H2O Mn2+ + H2O MnO2 Cr3+ + H2O CrO2CrO2NO2 + H2O NO + H2O Halide ions Free metals Sulfite ions (SO3 or SO2(aq)) SO2 + H2O halide ions NaOH H2O ClH2 + OH- NO2 Free halogens (dil. basic soln) NO3hypohalite ions Free halogens (conc. basic soln) halate ions H2O S2O32- free halogen metal ions sulfate ions (SO42-) O2 + H+ S4O62- And finally just a few random tidbits on some colors of compounds and ions. Cu(OH)42blue Ni2+ green 2+ 2+ Cu(NH3)4 deep electric blue Co pink or blue Fe2+, 3+ reddish-orangish browns K+ lavender flame test 2+ CrO4 yellow or orange Na orange flame test Cr2O72yellow or orange Ba2+ yellow-green flame test 2+ 2+ Cu blue Sr bright red/pink flame test MnO42purple Li+ bright red/pink flame test 2+ PbI2 yellow Cu green flame tes