Download Zuhmdahl (7th) Chapters 19, 20, 21 *Study Guide and Lecture Notes

Zuhmdahl (7th) Chapters 19, 20, 21
*Study Guide and Lecture Notes*
This is a “self-study” section, which we will follow up with plenty of reaction examples. You
must read and outline each of the three chapters….shoot for a total of 10 sides of the page.
Define any bold vocabulary terms and write out plenty of reaction examples. Use the examples
below as practice.
Precipitation Reaction Examples
Solutions of calcium nitrate and sodium sulfate are mixed.
Solutions of lead (II) nitrate and tri-potassium phosphate are mixed.
Equal molar amounts of nitric acid and sodium hydroxide are mixed.
Solutions of ammonia and carbonic acid are mixed.
Solutions of hydrofluoric acid and potassium hydroxide are mixed.
Dilute sulfuric acid is added to a solution of potassium fluoride.
Excess hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of potassium sulfide.
Sodium hydroxide solution is added to a solution of ammonium nitrate.
Solutions of potassium hydroxide and ammonium chloride are mixed.
Lewis Acid-Base Reaction Examples
Triboron trifluoride and ammonia are mixed in flask.
Carbon dioxide gas is bubbled through a potassium hydroxide solution.
Sulfur trioxide gas is bubbled through a sodium hydroxide solution
Solid calcium oxide is added to sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide is passed over solid lithium oxide
Solid potassium chlorate is heated in the presence of manganese dioxide catalyst.
Solid calcium carbonate is heated
A piece of solid potassium nitrate is heated.
A piece of solid zinc is heated in chlorine gas.
A piece of solid sodium is placed in hydrogen gas.
Calcium metal is added to distilled water.
Solid barium oxide is added to water.
Solid lithium oxide is added to water.
Solid dinitrogen pentoxide is added to water.
Sulfur trioxide gas is bubbled through water.
Organic/Combustion Reaction Examples
Ethene is burned in air.
Propanol is burned in oxygen
Chlorine gas is bubbled through propene
Methane gas is mixed with an excess of bromine gas.
Complexation Reaction Examples
Excess ammonia is added to a solution of silver nitrate
A solution of potassium thiocyanate is added to a solution of iron (III) chloride.
A nickel(II) chloride solution is added to a concentrated NaCN solution
Excess sodium cyanide solution is added to a solution of silver nitrate.
Generally, you place twice the numbers of ligands around the central ion as the charge on that
central ion. This is not always correct, but it will do:
Central Metal Ion
Au+
Ag+
Pb2+
Cu+
Cu2+
Hg2+
Cd2+
Sn2+
Coordination number
2 or 4
2
4
2 or 4
4
4
4
4 or 6
Central Metal Ion
Fe3+
Al3+
Zn2+
Cr3+
Co2+
Co3+
Ni2+
Mn2+
Coordination number
6
4
4
4 or 6
4 or 6
6
4 or 6
4 or 6
Redox Reaction Examples
A solution of iron (II) nitrate is added to an acidified solution of potassium permanganate.
Free chlorine is bubbled through a solution of sodium bromide.
A strip of copper metal is added to a concentrated solution of sulfuric acid.
Solutions of potassium iodide, potassium iodate, and dilute sulfuric acid are mixed.
Zinc metal reacts with tin (II) sulfate.
A piece of iron is added to a solution or iron (III) sulfate.
Important Oxidizing Agents
MnO4- in acid solution
MnO2 in acid solution
MnO4- in neutral/basic soln.
Cr2O72- in acid solution
Cr2O72- with a base
CrO42- in basic solution
HNO3, concentrated
HNO3, dilute




H2SO4, hot, concentrated
Free halogens
Na2O2
H2O2
HClO4
H2O










Important Reducing Agents
Mn2+ + H2O
Mn2+ + H2O
MnO2
Cr3+ + H2O
CrO2CrO2NO2 + H2O
NO + H2O
Halide ions

Free metals

Sulfite ions

(SO3 or SO2(aq))
SO2 + H2O
halide ions
NaOH
H2O
ClH2 + OH-
NO2
Free halogens 
(dil. basic soln)
NO3hypohalite ions
Free halogens 
(conc. basic soln)
halate ions
H2O
S2O32-


free halogen
metal ions
sulfate ions
(SO42-)
O2 + H+
S4O62-
And finally just a few random tidbits on some colors of compounds and ions.
Cu(OH)42blue
Ni2+
green
2+
2+
Cu(NH3)4
deep electric blue
Co
pink or blue
Fe2+, 3+
reddish-orangish browns
K+
lavender flame test
2+
CrO4
yellow or orange
Na
orange flame test
Cr2O72yellow or orange
Ba2+
yellow-green flame test
2+
2+
Cu
blue
Sr
bright red/pink flame test
MnO42purple
Li+
bright red/pink flame test
2+
PbI2
yellow
Cu
green flame tes