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Conestoga High School Accelerated Biology Final Exam Test Date: Tuesday June 16th at 9:30 AM Room Number: Period 4 = 125 Period 5 = 128 Period 6 = 131 Format: There are two parts to the exam – a multiple choice section and a free response section. Part I: 100 Multiple Choice Questions – distributed as follows: Unit Genetics % of Questions 6% DNA 29% Evolution 17% Ecology 40% Chapters 7: Extending Mendelian Genetics 8: From DNA to Proteins # of Questions 6 29 9: Frontiers of Biotechnology 10: Principles of Evolution 11: The Evolution of Populations 13: Principles of Ecology 14: Interactions in Ecosystems 15: The Biosphere 17 40 16: Humans Impact on Ecosystems Taxonomy/Survey of Kingdoms 8% 17: The Tree of Life TOTAL # OF MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 8 100 Part II: 50 Free Response Questions (very short - words or 1-2 sentences) UNIT 1 – GENETICS Terms to Know: Dominant – an allele (or trait) that can hide the appearance of another Recessive – an allele (or trait) that can be hidden by a dominant allele Genotype – the genetic composition of an organism (ex/Tt) Phenotype – the physical appearance of an organism – the traits that are actually expressed (Ex/Tall) Heterozygous – Having one dominant and one recessive allele in a genotype (Ex/Aa) Homozygous – Having two of the same alleles in a genotype (Homozygous dominant = AA; Homozygous recessive = aa) Sex chromosomes – The X and Y chromosomes in humans; Females = XX, Males = XY Sex linked traits – traits carried on the X chromosome; sex linked disorders are seen more often in males Incomplete dominance – one allele is not completely dominant over another allele for a particular gene Co-dominance (and give example) – two alleles are equally expressed (EX/AB blood) Polygenic Trait (and give example) – more than one pair of alleles codes for a single trait Ex/Skin color 1. Fill in the following chart on blood types: Phenotypes Type A Type B Type AB Type O Genotypes AA AO BB BO AB OO 2. A woman of blood type A marries a man of blood type B. Is it possible for them to have a child with type O blood? Yes A B AB AO X BO O AO O BO OO Explain by showing the cross below: Genotypic Ratio ¼ AB; ¼ AO; ¼ BO; ¼ OO Phenotypic Ratio ¼ Type AB; ¼ Type A; ¼ Type B; ¼ Type O 3. Who displays sex-linked disorders more frequently, males or females? males Why? Because they only have one X chromosome, they only need one copy of the disease allele to have the disease (Females need to inherit the allele from both parents) UNIT 2 – DNA 4. What is the function of DNA? Contains genetic information of the cell and directs all cell’s activities by directing protein synthesis 5. What are the three parts of a nucleotide? Which part gives the nucleotide its name? Nucleotide = 1. sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA) 2. phosphate group 3. base (A,T,C,G) Nucleotide name = base name 6. Which bases get paired? A T; C G 7. Who discovered the double-helix nature of the DNA molecule? Watson & Crick 8. Complete the chart below that compares DNA to RNA: Characteristic # of strands Sugar Bases Types Where found in cell DNA RNA 2 Deoxyribose Adenine, Thymine Guanine, Cytosine N/A Nucleus 1 Ribose Adenine, Uracil Guanine, Cytosine mRNA, tRNA, rRNA Nucleus and in cytoplasm The following questions refer to the following sequence of mRNA: UUUGCGCCCACU 9. What would the DNA sequence be that this mRNA was made from? AAACGCGGGTGA 10. Using the table on page 230 of your textbook – what series of amino acids would be encoded by the mRNA below? UUU - GCG - CCC - ACU (from above) phenylalanine – alanine – proline – threonine 11. Each triplet that codes for an amino acid is called a codon 12. What cell organelle moves along the mRNA during translation? Ribosome 13. Complete the following chart that compares the two phases of protein synthesis: Definition Where it occurs DNA involved? (Yes/no) Transcription Translation the process of synthesizing mRNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a template Nucleus yes uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains In cytoplasm on ribosomes No Terms to Know: Genetic engineering – making changes in the DNA code of a living organism Genome – a complete collection of an organisms genes DNA Fingerprint – the unique pattern of bands that an individual’s DNA creates after being cut up and separated in a gel Restriction Enzymes – enzymes that recognize and cut DNA at specific sites Plasmids – small, circular pieces of bacterial DNA that replicate when the bacteria divides; are very useful in genetic engineering Recombinant DNA – DNA created from splicing together DNA two different species Cloning – process that creates many identical cells 14. Briefly outline the steps that use recombinant DNA to produce a useful protein like insulin: 1- Plasmid is isolated from bacterial cell and cut with restriction enzyme 2- Gene of interest is isolated from a cell of the organism, cut by the same restriction enzyme 3 – Plasmid and gene of interest are combined creating recombinant DNA 4 – Recombinant plasmid is put into a new bacterial cell 5 – Bacterial cell with recombinant plasmid divides repeatedly creating clones 6 – Cells are screened to isolate those with the recombinant plasmid 15. Briefly explain how gene therapy works. Gene therapy replaces a patient’s defective gene with a good gene 16. Briefly explain how gel electrophoresis can be used to create a DNA fingerprint. DNA sample is “chopped-up” with restriction enzymes creating multiple fragments of various sizes. This DNA is then loaded into wells of an agarose gel. An electrical current is applied to the gel and the fragments (that are negatively charged) start moving towards the positive end of the gel. Longer fragments have a harder time moving through the gel, so they don’t move as far as the smaller fragments. The fragments can then be stained with a dye so that a DNA “fingerprint” can be seen. UNIT 3 – EVOLUTION Terms to Know: Darwin – proposed the theory of Natural Selection after observations he made on the Galapagos Islands; noticed that many organisms seemed to have adapted to the environments in which they lived Fitness – ability of an organism to survive AND reproduce in its specific environment Adaptation – process by which a population becomes better suited to its environment Natural selection – a process by which organisms that have traits better suited to their environment are more successful at surviving and reproducing than those who are not as well suited to that environment Homologous structures vs analogous structures – Homologous structures are those with the same anatomical structure but not the same function (EX: wing of a bat and arm of a human) Analogous structures are those with same function but not same structure (EX: wing of a butterfly and wing of a bat) Vestigial structures (and give examples) – a structure seen in an organism that has no apparent function (EX: human tailbone, appendix) Genetic drift – when allele frequencies of a population change (Equilibrium = when they remain constant) Species – members of a population that can mate and produce fertile offspring Geographic isolation – separation of a population by some physical barrier such as a river or mountain 17. Why must organisms compete for resources? Because resources are limited 18. How can similar anatomical features (homologous structures) give evidence of evolution? Because it can show evidence of a common ancestor 19. What can be learned by comparing DNA sequences (or amino acid sequences of proteins) of different species? Species with more similar DNA or amino acid sequences are more closely related 20. Explain the differences between stabilizing, disruptive, and directional selection. Use graphs to help you answer the question. a) stabilizing: Favors intermediate phenotypes (extremely light and dark mice are eliminated) b) disruptive/diversifying: Favors individuals at both extremes of phenotypic range (intermediates are eliminated) c) directional: One phenotypic extreme is favored, while the other is eliminated. 21. What determines whether a new allele (from a mutation) increases its frequency in a population? If the new allele increases the fitness of the individuals who express that allele, then the allele will increase in frequency UNIT 4 – ECOLOGY Terms to Know: Ecology – study of the interaction of living organisms with each other and with their physical environment Population – members of the same species living in the same area Community – group of organisms of different species living together in a particular place Ecosystem – a community of organisms along with the physical aspects (soil, climate, water) of their environment Habitat – where an organism lives Niche - Where an organism lives, its trophic level, climate & when it reproduces Producers vs Consumers – P: Organism that can make organic materials for an ecosystem (EX/plants); C: organism that must eat other organisms (EX/animals) Herbivores vs Carnivores vs Omnivores – H: plant eaters; C: meat eaters; O: eat both plants and meat Food chain vs Food web – Chain: a linear sequence of feeding relationships; Web: a set of interconnected food chains Symbiosis – relationship between two organisms in an ecosystem Limiting factors – something that controls the growth or size of a population Carrying capacity – maximum number of members of a population of a particular species that a particular area at a particular time can sustain Succession – The transformation of an environment over time Desertification – a process that turns land into an area unable to support plant life; results from overgrazing, farming, climate change and drought Species diversity – the number of different species in the biosphere or in a particular area Ecological footprint - Total area of functioning land and water ecosystems needed to provide resources and remove wastes that an individual or population generates 22. What are the major processes of the water cycle and how are they related? (a diagram may help) Precipitation: water moving from atmosphere to ground Evaporation: water moving from ground to atmosphere Transpiration: water vapor moving from plants/animals to atmosphere 23. What are the major processes of the carbon cycle and how are they related? (a diagram may help) Photosynthesis: takes Carbon out of atmosphere Respiration: puts Carbon back into atmosphere Burning of fossil fuels: puts Carbon back into atmosphere Decomposition: moves Carbon from organisms back to the soil 24. How can humans affect the carbon cycle? Burning fossil fuels Clearing forests Destroying vegetation that absorbs CO2 25. What organisms carry out nitrogen fixation? Bacteria 26. List and describe the three kinds of symbiotic relationships that can occur in an ecosystem mutualism parasitism commensalism both members benefit one member benefits and the other is harmed one member benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed 27. What factors play a role in population growth rate? Immigration (+), emigration (-), birth rate (+), death rate (-) 28. Explain the difference between logistic and exponential growth. Include graphs. Logistic = growth slowed by limiting factors: Exponential = growth under ideal conditions: 29. Explain the difference and give examples of density-dependent vs. density-independent limiting factors. Density independent = Regulating factors that affect members of a population regardless of density EX/ Weather events (drought, hurricanes, floods) or other natural disasters (earthquakes & volcanic eruptions) Density Dependent = Regulating factors that affect members of a population more if the population is more dense, less if the population is less dense EX/ Predation, disease, parasites, competition 30. Explain the difference and give examples of renewable vs non-renewable resources. RENEWABLE Resources that can be replenished in a reasonable amount of time Water, wind, a few trees NON-RENEWABLE Resources that can not be replenished in a reasonable amount of time Fossil fuels, entire aquifers, entire forests 31. What is the effect of CFC’s in the atmosphere? Breaks down Ozone 32. What is the greenhouse effect? A natural phenomenon that maintains the Earth’s temperature range NOTE: Enhanced greenhouse effect (caused by overproduction of greenhouse gasses) is bad leads to global warming 33. What is the goal of sustainable development? To provide for human needs while preserving our ecosystems 34. Why is biodiversity important? What are some threats to it? It can contribute to agriculture and medicine. It is threatened by introduced (invasive) species, habitat fragmentation, biological magnification of toxic compounds UNIT 5 – TAXONOMY/SURVEY OF KINGDOMS 35. Explain how binomial nomenclature works. It is a two-name naming system where the first word represents the genus of the organism and the second word represents the species. First word is capitalized, second is not. Both words are underlined or written in italics. EX/ Felis domesticus = cat (genus = Felis, species = domesticus) 36. List the levels of biological hierarchy from kingdom to species. Kingdom phylum class order family genus species 37. Complete the following chart that compares the kingdoms of life Kingdom Archaea Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Pro/Eukaryote? Uni/Multicellular? Autotroph/Heterotroph? Cell wall contains Prokaryote Unicellular Some A some H No peptidoglycan Prokaryote Unicellular Some A some H Peptidoglycan Some A some H n/a H Chitin Eukaryote Eukaryote Most Unicellular Most Multicellular Eukaryote Multicellular A Cellulose Eukaryote Multicellular H n/a