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SOL Study Book Fourth Grade Earth Patterns, Cycles, And Changes Table of Contents Page 1: Revolution and Rotation Page 2: Seasons and Phases of the Moon Page 3: Characteristics of the Earth Page 4: Characteristics of the Moon Page 5: Characteristics of the Sun Page 6: Geocentric Model Page 7: Heliocentric Model Page 8: Missions to the moon Page 9-10: Practice Questions Revolution and Rotation The Earth completes one revolution around the sun every 365 days. The moon revolves around the Earth about once every month. Rotation is the spinning motion of an object. (like a top) Revolution is the circling motion of an object. Page 1 Seasons and Phases of the Moon Earth experiences seasons because of its axial tilt and its revolution around the sun. The phases of the moon are caused by its position relative to the Earth and Sun. The phases of the moon are New Moon Waxing Crescent First Quarter Waxing Gibbous Full Waning Gibbous Last Quarter Waning Crescent Page 2 Characteristics of the Earth The Earth is one of the nine planets that revolve around the sun. The Earth is the third planet from the sun and one of the four rocky inner planets. The Earth is about 150 million kilometers from the sun. The Earth is geologically active with a surface that is constantly changing, The Earth has large amounts of life-supporting water and an oxygen-rich atmosphere. The Earth’s protective atmosphere blocks out most of the sun’s damaging rays. Page 3 Characteristics of the Moon The surface of the moon is rocky with craters and mountains. The moon is about one-quarter the diameter of the Earth and one-eightieth of its mass. The moon has extreme temperatures, virtually no atmosphere, no water, and no life. Page 4 Characteristics of the Sun The sun is an average-sized yellow star. The sun is about 110 times the diameter of the Earth. The sun is approximately 4.6 billion years old. The sun is very hot and made of gases (hydrogen and helium) Page 5 Geocentric Model of the Solar System Aristotle (384-322 BC) -Greek philosopher and scientist -Believed in an earth-centered universe -Thought the heavens moved naturally and endlessly in a complex circular motion Ptolemy -Astronomer and mathematician -Believed the earth was stationary and was the center of the universe -Tried to solve the problem of retrograde movement of Mars Page 6 Heliocentric Model of the Solar System Copernicus -Believed in a sun-centered universe (Heliocentric) -Earth orbits the sun in a circular motion -Did not publish his theory until his death because of the Catholic Church Galileo -Built a telescope and discovered mountains and craters on the moon -Observed the phases of Venus and Sun Spots -Discovered Jupiter’s moon (4 largest) -Upheld Copernicus’s sun-centered theory -Place under house arrest for life by the Catholic Church due to his beliefs Page 7 Missions to the Moon • 1963-1972 by NASA • Apollo 11, 12, 14, 16, 17 landed humans on the surface of the moon • The six missions that landed on the moon returned a wealth of data and 400 kg of lunar samples. • Experiments included soil mechanics, meteoroids, seismic, heat flow, lunar ranging, magnetic fields, and solar wind experiments. Page 8 Practice Questions Page 9 Page 10